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“Loose points inside” means getting a small number of inner points which were far from the surface.
(1)Study the influence of α on the number of sphere and the smoothness of the DEM model. 
(2)Analyze the influence of β on the number of spheres and the overlapping degree of the model.
Then, two parameters were introduced to reduce the number of sphere while meeting the accuracy in profile.
Discrete element modeling for irregularly-shaped sand grains.

For example, in order for a glass-ceramic to form a mechanically strong, adherent and hermetic seal to a metal or alloy a number of specific criteria must be met, as discussed below.
Both lithium zinc silicate, LZS, and lithium aluminosilicate, LAS, glass-ceramics have been successfully sealed to a number of different alloys at AWE [1, 3] in the manufacture of electrical feed-through components.
For example, Hong and Holland [8] noted that in the absence of a pre-oxidation stage glass-ceramic coatings on Nimonic 263 alloy were coarse grained.
On the other hand, pre-oxidation of the substrate yielded Cr in the Cr3+ oxidation state, which is considerably less mobile than Cr2+, and therefore reaction with P2O5 was avoided, resulting in a fine grained microstructure.
Internal oxidation and grain boundary attack of the metal components themselves may also occur during operation and this can cause swelling of the metal, leading to interface failure [36].

In contrast, the deposits via MLFS typically show a fine grained homogeneous microstructure [14] and a good bonding, where the roughness of the preliminary layer helps the mechanical anchoring [15].
Similar to findings by Shen et al. [14], the layers show a homogeneous and fine grained microstructure.
The etched cross section, extracted 55 mm from the beginning along the stack length, also reveals the area where the substrate material shows a grain refinement, indicating the thermomeachanically affected zone (TMAZ).
Along the stack height, the stud consumption islower, which is indicated by a decreasing deposit thickness and increasing length of the remaining consumable stud for an increasing number of MLFS layers, see Fig. 5(a).
For the investigated material combination, the results reveal a slightly less efficient deposition with increasing number of deposition layers, however, after a very limited number of layers, the MLFS depositions are uniform, i.e. a constant deposition rate is achieved.

Efficient and stress in relation with the number of buckets were studied in the work.
This has make them relevant materials for number of applications in airspace and other engineering industries.
Generally, mechanical properties of aluminium alloys and composites are reduced by coarse grain, cavities and needle shape eutectic silicon.
At the speed of 1500 RPM, the microstructure of the bucket experiences the following: transformation of large primary silicon into needle shaped eutectic silicon in the inner; long needle-shaped eutectic silicon are converted into fine primary silicon at the outer and; there is the formation of fine grain.
Kori, "Effect of Grain Refinement and Modification on the Dry Sliding Wear Behaviour of Eutectic Al-Si Alloys," Tribology International, vol. 42, pp. 59-65, 2009

Abstract: the porous carbon solid (mean pore size 0.1µm ; porosity 32%) was prepared by pyrolysis of composite paste of phenolic resin/AC with a mass ratio (1/1) and a mean grain size of AC of 2.28 µm.
Indeed, the number of molecules increases and accumulates in the same space.

Then we encapsulate these theme-organized resources in the forms of service so that upper layer can call the fine-grained sub service through open service interfaces.
Through summarizing three data scales from general to detail (discipline class, major category and major), we can obtain three corresponding service (discipline class number statistical service, major category number statistical service and major number statistical service).
Table 1 Major subject service scale Service ID Service subject Data Table Data Attributes Service Scale Service Description FW_ZY_1 Major ZY_HZ_1 XKMLDM Discipline class Discipline class number statistical service FW_ZY_2 Major ZY_HZ_2 ZYDLDM Major category Major category number statistical service FW_ZY_3 Major ZY_HZ_3 ZYDM Major Major number statistical service Platform functional framework.
Fig. 6 Customized service entity and relation diagram Service implementation examples For essential service, Fig.7 shows the result of querying the philosophy major category and the result contains infomation: major count, undergraduate student number, enrollment student number, graduation number and predicted graduation number.
Teacher-student ratio R is the teacher number S divide into student number X in designated year, and the equation is R=S/X [5].

Where the count means the number of nodes located in the region, for example, Num_1 means the number of nodes located in S1.
Authors use random numbers of normal distribution to simulate the readings of temperature sensors.
The adopted network model as shown in Fig.1 and assume that number of nodes in each cluster is 40, we generate random numbers of normal distribution for all of nodes and Fig.4 shows the data graph of 5 clusters in one experiment.
According to equation (5), the average number of inner-cluster transmissions is 21 theoretically.
Srivastava, “Dynamic fine-grained localization in ad-hoc networks of sensors”, in Proc.

The glass attenuation depends on the grain size, viscous friction, crystal structure, porosity and hardness.
The amount of energy lost through absorption depends upon the elastic properties of the material being tested [16] while loss due to scattering in materials also depends on the ratio of grain size and wavelength [6].
Moreover, this is due to the fact that the number of Te-O linkages is increased which means the decrease in non-bridging oxygen in the glass network.

Microstructure observation by SEM elucidates that plastic deformation proceeds without generating severe cracks and all the grains are heavily deformed.
SEM observation showed that the oxide consisted of equiaxed small crystal grains, which can be imagined from the microstructure after a slight deformation given by Fig. 5(a).
On the other hand, the limited number of slip system Fig. 6 The effect of high temperature deformation on the texture 　　　 　　　　development 0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 True Strain Texture Sharpness Fig. 6 The effect of high temperature deformation on the texture 　　　 　　　　development 0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 True Strain Texture Sharpness (a) (b) Fig. 5 SEM micrographs showing the microstructure observed after the deformation up to true strains of (a) -0.47 and (b) -0.90.

The recorded second field potential difference is a complex number and so the result is called complex resistivity.
Polarization, time constant, frequency-dependent factor and magnetic relaxation number are the four commonly used parameters to characterize the polarization properties of mineral resources [3].
Good uniformity correspond to the small frequency-dependent coefficient, and the electromagnetic relaxation number (relaxation time with relevant reservoir) are quite different for different materials.
ranges from 0.1~0.6 and indicates the shape of mineral grain and variation range of the size [6].