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As a result of orbital relative motion between pad and wafer, the reaction layer of slurry with the workpiece will be mechanically removed by abrasive grains.
It includes two types: unbounded particles which are made by mechanical mixing and bounded grains which are produced by a sintering operation.
Also, smaller size of abrasive grains within unbonded magnetic abrasives results in lower final surface roughness.
This mixture led to homogeneity of ferromagnetic particles with abrasive grains and facilitated substitution of old abrasive particles with other new abrasive particles easily.
Additionally, long machining time, high-hardness abrasive, small mesh number of SG, and high concentration of SG contributed to an excellent surface roughness in this study.

The results showed that the powders and ceramics prepared by the solid state reactions at room temperature exhibit a good electrical property because of narrow grain size distribution, controlled morphology, and high purity.
They not only change the total number of electrons potentially available for conduction, but also the proportion of these actually taking part at any given temperature, by altering the activation energy of the “hopping” mechanism.

The size of the powder grains varies between 5 µm and 30 µm.
In the case of the WC-Co deposition, the number of passes of the robotic arm was higher and a thickness of about 270 µm was obtained in comparison with the mechanically mixed WC-CoMo powder which was sprayed applying 50 passes, resulting an approximately 200 µm coating thickness.
For coarse granulometric fraction of -40 +15 µm, a porosity of about 2% was reported and for finer grain size of -20 +5 µm a porosity of approximately 1.3% was achieved [9].

Powders have to exhibit narrow grain size distributions in low grain fractions (e. g. 20 µm < d < 45 µm) and convex grain shapes to ensure good flow properties during the feeding process and homogeneous spray particle parameters within the particle jet.
A defined intermediate material - Ottawa Sand with a grain size of 212 µm < d5 - d90 < 300 µm - is continuously brought into the contact zone as constantly renewed loose abrasive.
Due to that, several standards exist concerning test cycle numbers, counter body types and designs.
The specific number depends on the material type, the linear wear loss and the coating thickness.
It is also used to define the relative abrasive effect of any slurry with regard to standardized so-called Miller numbers.

Research Methodology and Results In accordance with the tasks set, a number of experiments were conducted to determine the change in the distribution of the solid component.
For this, a number of experiments were conducted.
Dependence of the strength of the mortar mixture on the water-cement ratio The graph presented in Fig. 3 shows the influence of the strength of the mortar component on the strength of foam concrete when using filler with different ultimate grain sizes.
It shows that the strength of foam concrete depends on both the strength of the mortar mixture and the ultimate grain size of the filler.
After the end of hostilities in Ukraine, in order to restore the infrastructure, there will be a need for a large number and variety of construction materials and products.

Prepare a number of extruded AZ31 magnesium alloy samples with the size of 80mm × 10mm × 3mm, and remove oxide film and oil on the sample surface.
Also, a little coarse-grained and lots of α-Mg that were prominent and extended to the base material (Figure 1) were observed in the heat-affected zone.
（a） （b） Fig. 3 The morphology of weld seam zone (a:α-Mg phase; b:eutectic structure) Scanning electron microscopy analysis showed that there were some long sliding steps in the fracture of welded joints, belonging to quasi-cleavage fracture, and the fracture had the characteristics of plastic fracture, reflecting that a large number of dimples in the roots of the slip steps and the necking phenomenon(Figure 4).
Because there were a large number of α-Mg, cracks were not easy to extend along the original path.

Conventional WC-Co coatings usually contain 70-95 wt% WC, with grain sizes ranging of 1-30 µm.
Journal Title and Volume Number (to be inserted by the publisher) 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Angel (2 theta) -10 WC W2C W Co3W3C or Co6W6C (a) (b) (c) 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Angel (2 theta) -10 WC W2C W Co3W3C or Co6W6C 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Angel (2 theta) -10 WC W2C W Co3W3C or Co6W6C WC W2C W Co3W3C or Co6W6C (a) (b) (c) Figure 3.
Both coatings contained a number of newly formed phases.
was highly elongated in the direction of parallel to the substrate surface, and contained a very small number of carbides.

Dislocation, grain boundary and subboundary are pinned by the second phase particles, so the strength of the composite is enhanced while the excellent electrical conductivity of copper-matrix is retained.
(1) Where T is the temperature, ΔGT is the standard free enthalpy of reaction, n is the molar number, i and j are ordinal numbers, R and P mean the reactants and products.
A small number of stripe twin crystals can be seen in Fig.3 (a).

Table1 Haydite Grain size(mm) 1h bibulous water Cylinder pressure strength(MPa) Coefficient of softness Packing density (kg/m3) 5--20 8% 6.0 80% 740 Concrete Design.
Table 2 Concrete Design ( kg/m³) Number Light-weight Aggregate Water-cement ratio Cement Water Sands Shale Gravel A 0% 0.35 450 133 875 0 1125 B 25% 0.5 450 215 875 150 844 C 50% 0.3 450 130 875 300 563 D 62.5% 0.45 450 202 875 375 422 E 75% 0.25 450 122 875 450 281 F 100% 0.4 450 204 875 600 0 Results and analysis.
Table 3 The Test Results Number A B C D E F Ｅ7 ( 104 MPa ) 2.98 2.11 2.90 2.05 2.63 1.81 Ｅ14 ( 104 MPa ) 3.12 2.36 3.17 2.23 2.91 2.14 Ｅ28 ( 104 MPa ) 3.40 2.64 3.26 2.47 3.06 2.33 fcu,7 (MPa ) 53.4 35.6 48.8 37.0 45.1 33.4 fcu,14 (MPa ) 56.4 42.4 53.8 42.0 50.4 40.8 fcu,28 (MPa ) 61.5 47.5 56.5 45.5 52.5 44.5 density (kg/m3 ) 2450 2319 2188 2122 2056 1925 The Elasticity Modulus.
Table 7 Measured Value and Calculated Value of Elasticity Modulus(104 MPa) Number A B C D E F Measured Value 3.40 2.64 3.26 2.47 3.06 2.33 Calculated Value by Eq.1 3.59 3.41 3.55 3.37 3.49 3.30 Calculated Value by Eq.2 3.83 3.23 3.32 2.89 3.01 2.55 Calculated Value by Eq.3 3.52 2.94 2.96 2.52 2.58 2.22 From Table 7 , calculated value by equation 3 and measured value is in a good agreement, So the Eq.3 is suggest to calculating the elasticity modulus of combined concrete, namely Eq.4 (4) Conclusions For the combined aggregate concrete, the cube compressive strength, elastic modulus and apparent density decreases with the increasing aggregate lightweight aggregate volume fraction and water cement ratio, and they show linear relationships.

From bonded specimens by 200 rpm condition, there was many grain existed the part of deformed graphite on SZ zone.
Fig.6 shows relation between distance from bonded center and Vickers hardness number by preheat 573 and 773K conditions.
Vickers hardness number was low relatively.
Fig.6 Relation between distance from center (4.25mm from surface) and Vickers hardness number by preheat 573K and 773K conditions.