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Formation of dislocations that terminate and stabilize at the symmetric grain boundaries is the limiting factor in the grain growth and overall energy reduction of the system [31].
Any defect produced within the grain interior is within the recombination distance of either a grain boundary or other defects within the grain interiors.
The mobility of the vacancies leads to more vacancy losses at the grain boundaries and less recombination, leaving an excess of the interstitials in the grain interiors after irradiations.
Thus, the velocity region of the ion (velocity v and atomic number Z1) is divided into three main regions: 1.
Birtcher, A thermal spike model of grain growth under irradiation, J.

A number of conventional tribological test-setups are used for analyzing tribological effects in metal cutting.
Grain sizes.
Recently, grain evolution during tribological load was analyzed by Wolff et al. [168].
This was shown by Yao et al., who demonstrated higher wear with increasing grain size beneath the tribolayer [169].
Grain size effects in tribology remain only vaguely understood.

The SFAP is developed for preventing lapped surface from damage caused by larger particles (from grain size dispersion or from outside of processing area, larger particles could bring uneven load distribution on processing region).
Because of the limitation of the lapped area and the number of abrasives, the increase of MRR slows down with load and rotating speed increasing.

Although the ejected materials mainly were fine-grained soil, the actual liquefaction was prevalent gravel soil.
The dots represent observed liquefied sites and the numbers mark different seismic intensities which are bounded by elliptical isoseismal lines.

Unfortunately, it is extremely difficult for applications to use computing resources efficiently at large scale because inefficiencies emerge as a bottleneck on a large number of processors.
In this project, we aim to make it simpler for Earth scientists and yet provide coarse-grained detail about application performance bottlenecks.
Mpi module represents a number of mpi-related functions including boundary calculation, mpi communication, etc.
The trend reveals that the work of boundary calculation and mpi communication increases significantly for the scaling arise in parallel applications which bring fine-grained data segmentation and more boundary handling and communication work.
Adhianto, “Scalable fine-grained call path tracing,” Proceedings of the international conference on Supercomputing, ICS '11, ACM, New York, USA, pp. 63-74, 2011 [4] W.

TEM image of Haynes 230® surface scale after step 1 in helium He-4 Numbers refer to the EDS analyses shown in Tables 3 and 4 a b a a a a a b b b b b b a: Mn1.5Cr 1.5O4 - 01-0710982 b: Cr2O3 - 00-006-0504 matrix Counts 6 Outer oxide Initial surface 7 4 3 2 1 9 5 Inner oxide Alloy 8 1µm Gold sputter Cr-, Mn- oxide intergranular Al2O3 Haynes 230 Al-,Mn- rich oxide scale Al2O3 1µm Gold sputter Haynes 230 In Fig. 4, the initial alloy surface is marked by small alumina nodules which develop in the very early stages of oxidation (spots  and  with their composition given in Table 3).
Table.3 EDS analyses in the oxide scale - Numbers refer to the EDS spots in Fig. 4 Spot Cr [at.%] Al [at.%] Si [at.%] Ni [at.%] Mn [at.%] O [at.%]  29 2.5 10.6 57  28 4.0 10.0 57  34 3.0 63  31 4.8 1.6 62  40 10.3 0.6 2.0 47  18.2 17.3 3.7 1.6 59 Table. 4 EDS analyses in the metal - Numbers refer to the EDS spots presented in Fig. 4 Spot Cr [wt.%] W [wt.%] Ni [wt.%] Mo [wt.%]  15 14 68 1.8  16 14 68 1.0  18 12 68 1.6 Characterization of Haynes 230® after step 2.
Besides few small Cr-rich carbides of the M23C6 type are evidenced at grain boundaries (see Table 5)
- Ageing for 25 hrs induces a significant formation of Cr-rich M23C6 carbides within grains, at grain boundaries and around primary M6C carbides (see Table 5).

The heating surface of the superheater is created by means of a large number of pipe coils.
The pipe coil number is determined on the basis of the required section for the assumed steam flow rate, whereas the length of the coil pipes is obtained from the calculations of the heating surface.
The estimated number of working hours of the first element was about 120 000.
The Figures 2a÷d present ferritic-bainitic microstructure with minor precipitates inside and at the ferrite’s grain boundaries.
The observation of the samples from the unexploited coil made it possible to reveal the ferritic-bainitic structure with a few minor precipitates inside and at the ferrite’s grain boundary.

This work examines the effect of a number of structural parameters, such as effective porosity, the mean pore diameter and shape of filling particles, in the prediction of the preform permeability based on existing models found in the literatures.
Since the pore channels are at most 0.35 mm (from Fig. 2) in width and the maximum velocity is lower than 10-2m/s (from Fig. 4), the maximum of Reynolds number is less than 1.
Therefore, flow is slow in the pores and does not enter the grains, which could be calculated using the model of Laminar flow (Stoke flow) interface.
Velocities are zero at the grain boundaries, which implies a no-slip condition.
Boundary type Boundary condition Value Inlet Pressure, no viscous stress p=p0=105Pa Outlet Pressure, no viscous stress P=0 Grain walls No-slip wall - Symmetry sides Symmetry - 3.2 Velocity field and pressure drop Fig. 6 (a) shows the solution predicted with a laminar –flow analysis for the fluid velocity field in the pore spaces of a micro-scale porous medium.

Survival % = Colony number of treated bacteria Colony number of control bacteria× 100 (1) For the modified Kirby-Bauer method [17] , an equal amount of copper-substituted cobalt ferrite nanoparticles obtained from CA were coated on filter papers.
SEM micrographs were used to examine the microstructure of the nanoparticles, which would provide a better view of the grain development and grain sizes.
The average grain sizes measured by ImageJ for Co(1-x)CuxFe2O4 with x = 0, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, and 1 are 41.52, 41.05, 40.07, 38.97, and 37.54 nm, respectively.
Moreover, there is a noticeable decrease in intensity of the 695 cm-1 tetrahedral Raman band and all the peaks are shifted towards the lower wave number side due to a higher atomic mass of Cu compared to the Co ion.

Sample number 1 was sample before nitrocarburization.
Samples number 2, 3 and 4 were samples after nitrocarburization at temperatures of 7000C, 8000C, and 9000C for 3 hours, respectively.
Figures 2- 6 shows matrixes of perlite, austenite, ferrite, and grain boundary.
Dutka, Journal of super-hard materials, 1063-4576, Vol. 30, Number 5, 2008