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It is assumed that the velocity gradient can be decomposed into nonplastic and plastic parts. . (1) The plastic part of the velocity gradient is defined as the sum of all slip systems, , (2) where indicates a specific slip system and is the number of slip systems.
The number of crystal grains is set to 512, which can be considered as a sufficient number for an analysis of polycrystalline magnesium [5].

The crystal structure and/or defect structure are then expected to be controlled by alloying with a substitutional element, especially when the number of valence electrons of alloying element is different from that of the component atoms.
Since the chemical composition of a chimney-ladder phase MnX2n-m is related to the numbers of the M and X subcells in the unit cell, the X/M atomic ratio of the chimney-ladder compound is directly related to the ratio cX/cM by the following equation: 1 M X2 2 M X −       −= − == c c n mn y .
Fig. 3 shows a TEM bright field (BF) image and the SAED patterns obtained from marked regions inside a single grain in a (Ru0.4Mn0.6)Si1.75 alloy.
Assuming that the number of the valence electrons of the Mn is 7, then the VEC values are larger than 14 for the Ru1-xMnxSiy chimney-ladder phases observed in this study, which implies the n-type semiconducting behavior of the Ru1-xMnxSiy chimney-ladder phases.

This is because the soil density is larger, the distance between the particles is smaller, the continuity of grain intergranular non-freezing moisture is better beneficial to salinity migration under freezing.
Acknowledgements This work was supported by grants of the State Key Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant number: 41430642, 41330636), Natural Science Foundations of China (grant numbers: 41402243, 41372267, 41302247) and Doctoral Program Foundation of Higher Education of China (grant number: 20120061110054).

The thin film deposition process exerts a number of effects such as crystallographic orientation, morphology, topography, densification of the films..
X-ray diffraction studies were undertaken in an attempt to determine the phases present, and perhaps an estimate of grain size from line broadening.

Sample number 1 was sample before nitrocarburization.
Samples number 2, 3 and 4 were samples after nitrocarburization at temperatures of 7000C, 8000C, and 9000C for 3 hours, respectively.
Figures 2- 6 shows matrixes of perlite, austenite, ferrite, and grain boundary.
Dutka, Journal of super-hard materials, 1063-4576, Vol. 30, Number 5, 2008

Introduction Calcium phosphate-based powders, granules and coatings are currently used for a number of dental and skeletal prosthetic applications due to their excellent biocompatibility and osteointegration properties [1].
First water and nitrate are reduced at the cathode surface producing hydrogen gas, nitrite and hydroxide ions, as shown in the following: 2 H2O + 2e - ⇔ H2 ↑ + 2 OH (1) NO3- + H2O + 2e - ⇔ NO2 + 2 OH - (2) Due to Faraday`s laws: Fz M m eNz M m tIQ a ⋅⋅=⋅⋅⋅=⋅= , � Fz MtI m ⋅⋅⋅ = (3) where Q is the charge, I the current, t the deposition time, m the mass, M the molecular mass, z the charge number, Na the Avogadro constant, e the electrical charge of an electron and F the Faraday constant (F = 9.648*104 C/mol), the amount of OH ions on the surface of the cathode can be controlled by controlling current and deposition time.
Wave Number / cm -1 DCPD 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 D M B αααα Intensity / a.u.
The microstructure of electrodeposited TCP could be controlled by adjusting deposition parameters and thus nucleation and grain growth conditions.

Introduction The wireless sensor network is a self-organizing network system that with large numbers of cheap and tiny sensor nodes deployed in monitoring areas which integrated with sensor, processor and wireless communication module.
Design of System Software A.Software Design of sink node After initialization of sink node, set up the sensor network at first, and send control commands information to sensor nodes, and set the sensor nodes correspondingly, such as the number and sleep time set and battery power of sensor nodes.
Table 1 Consumption current in different working state of sensor nodes (unit: mA) Node number Dormancy Work Send Receive 1 0.04 5.2 16.3 16.5 2 0.05 5.3 16.3 16.6 3 0.04 5.2 16.3 16.5 Set Node 1 as an example to estimate the working time of the sensor nodes, set the sampling time interval to 10s, then the duty cycle of sensor node is 10s, assume that the send state of CC1110 was 20ms receiving state was 30ms, sampling time was 20ms within 10s, the rest time was in sleep state, then average current in a working cycle of the sensor nodes is: in the working cycle between 0 and 10， The average value of I calculated is 0.132mA, therefore, the continuous working time of the sensor mode is： （month） That is to say, the sensor mode can continue working in a year since the battery is fully-charged，and thus, the requirements and our goal of the wireless sensor mode with low power needed is achieved.
It's widely used in temperature test, temperature monitoring of grain storage and other fields.

The system rotates with an eccentricity of 22.5mm for fixed numbers of revolutions 100, 150, 600, 750, 1500, 2100, 6000 and 12000, corresponding to different abrasion stages.
The determination of the abrasion class, based on the lowest number of revolutions, inducing an apparent visual variation in gloss, was also determined.
Material Steel ball Ø 5 [mm] Steel ball Ø 3 [mm] Steel ball Ø 2 [mm] Steel ball Ø 1 [mm] Fused Al2O3* Distilled water [ml] [g] 70.0 52.5 43.75 8.75 3.0 20 * grain size F80 ISO 8486 - 1986 Results and Discussion Table 2 reports the Vickers hardness of the samples, measured at the specified indentation loads.
After the tests at the lower numbers of revolutions, corresponding to Table 2.

It includes diameter, number and layout of holes.
Number of radial holes is less than 120.
Table 1 Grinding wheel parameters Radial holes Types of abrasive Diameter of grinding wheel Width of grinding wheel Abrasive grain Binder type Number of radial holes No White corundum 350mm 40mm 150 Ceramics — Yes White corundum 350mm 40mm 150 Ceramics 4×20 Four experiments are completed, i.e. idling experiments without and with cutting fluid, contrast experiment on inner cooling grinding of TC4 under different flow(Table 2), and contrast experiment on inner and outer cooling grinding of TC4(Table 3).

Introduction Friction welding (FW) appears to offer a number of advantages more than arc welding of steels.
The use of this joining process normally is correlated with the condensed development of these inter metallic phases, reduce grain enlargement in the HAZ, and boundary deformation and stress cracking in steels.
This is done to reduce the number of experiments in the research work.
The hardness test specimens are machined in all samples and to calculate the Vickers hardness number [12, 13].