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A number of oxides, carbides and nitrides were used as second phase particles to produce electroplated or electroless composite coatings.
Improvement of the properties of the coating can be achieved by refining the grain size of the deposit.
Each experiment was carried out using a plating bath that contains nickel sulphate hexahydrate as the source of nickel, ferrous sulphate heptahydrate as the source of iron, nickel chloride hexahydrate as complexing agent, boric acid as buffer, and sodium saccharine as grain refinement agent.
The presence of the Si3N4 particles in the nickel-iron nanocomposite coating increases the number of boundaries between particles in the matrix.

Table 1 Chemical composition of two Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloys(wt%) Alloy number Zn Mg Cu Zr Fe Si Alloy I 8.0 1.8 2.0 0.1 <0.1 <0.1 Alloy II 9.3 2.0 1.8 0.1 <0.1 <0.1 Alloy III 9.8 2.0 1.8 0.1 <0.1 <0.1 Results and Discussion Microstructure observation of extruded alloy.
It can be seen from OM images that grain characteristics for the three alloys is similar due to the same deformation process.
Moreover, obvious Mg(Zn,Cu,Al)2 phase is observed in A3 alloy, as labelled in Fig. 3(f), which reveals that a large number of dissolvable Mg(Zn,Cu,Al)2 phase .
Recovery, recrystallization, grain growth and phase stability of a family of FCC-structured multi-component equi-atomic solid solution alloys, Intermetallics. 2014, 46: 131-140

Recently, there has been a significant increase in the number of scientific papers on topics related to composite materials (CM), especially to those having metal matrix (MCM).
A small number of round-shaped pores up to 1 mm in size and non-metallic inclusions, apparently endogenous, were detected by the analysis of the transverse fractures of the ingot.
[14] Jankauskas, Vytenis et al., Effect of WC grain size and content on low stress abrasive wear of manual arc welded hardfacings with low-carbon or stainless steel matrix, Wear. 328 (2015) 378-390
[17] Su, Wei, et al., Preparation and sintering of WC–Co composite powders for coarse grained WC–8Co hardmetals, International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials. 45 (2014) 80-85

It can be seen that the alloy exhibits equiaxed grains. 300μm Fig. 1 Microstructure of cast c919 Hot compression tests were performed to investigate the hot deformation behavior of the material.
Work hardening are usually caused by large number of pinned dislocations resulted from increasing dislocations density under external force.
It clearly shows that the new equiaxed DRX grains could be found at a strain rate of 0.01s-1, while it can’t be found at a strain rate of 1s-1.
Acknowledgement The project was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shanxi Province, China (project number：2011011021-1) and 973 Forecast (2012CB626808).

During almost twenty years after the publication of the first paper on low dimensional or nano-structured thermoelectric materials [1], the number of papers published on these materials has been, greatly, expanded.
This is surprising result, may be due to two mechanisms that counter-balance each other: one the (expected) increase of the grain size with temperature, and another, as a result of breaking of Mg–Si bonds.
Galkin et al [20], have shown that for annealing temperatures 650–700ºC the number of Mg2Si crystallites decreases partly as a result of breaking of Mg–Si bonds.
In the Bruggeman approximation, which applies to the aggregate structures, where the phase grains are interdispersed and topologically equivalent, the effective dielectric constant, εBR, is given by [22] (4) where εj is the dielectric function of the j-th phase with volume fraction fj.

This choice, though different to the real conditions, in which the mechanical press operates simultaneously on a progressive die, with a number of workpieces at a different stage of the process, give more lightness to the calculation and does not change the real conditions of the process thanks to the superposition principle.
Results of these measurements, summarized in Fig. 9b), showed that it is possible to consider constant the value of HV through the thickness; in Fig. 9c) it is shown a 100x photo of the rotor to observe the grain internal distribution.
Height from the bottom surface [mm] Average HV 12 116 11 126 10 114 9 111 8 103 7 109 HV average for the whole spec. 113 a) b) c) Figure 9: a) Vickers hardness HV measurement system; b) HV results for different height;c) 100x photo of the rotor surface (grain size index ~4.5 ASTM E112).
Knowing by the designer the geometrical and electrical specifics for the final rotorit was possible to set a minimum number of steps to complete the product.

They accounted for the observed difference in the PLC effect intensity in terms of anisotropy of the microstructure or the morphology of the grains.
Elongated grains can be seen in the optical microstructure.
Similarly, the yield stress or flow stress of a polycrystalline may be calculated by avgc i i c Mm n τ τ σ = = ∑ (1) where σ, cτ , n, and im are the flow stress, the critical resolved shear stress, the total number of active slip systems, and the reciprocal of the Schmid factor on the ith slip system, respectively.
If a sufficient number of precipitates are not sheared, the serration cannot be detected.

Introduction Water resource plays a critical role in the socio-economic development, grain production and so on.
For instance, Harris et al[1] insisted that the water availability have been restricted the increased grain production, and therefore affected the development of a sustainable agricultural system.
Acknowledgements This work was supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program) under Grant [number 2010CB951102] and the General Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant [number 51279207].

As to glass, which is also one of the main material of panel, despite its enormous number, it doesn’t attract enough attention compared to its potential value.
As the grain size of waste TFT-LCD glass is under 325mesh, grinding requires a great deal of time and energy, which means the high production cost.
So, the selection of proper grain size is the key to popularize this technology.
Using calcium carbonate as a foaming agent easily leads to a large number of open pores which exerts profound influence on the insulation properties of foamed glass, and excessively high sintering temperature increases the cost of production.

XN (real numbers), and μ as the average value, the formula of standard deviation as follows: (14) Table 1 variance angle Part1 Part2 Part3 Part4 00 651.91 815.09 823.71 2505.94 900 93.74 627.75 1875.26 503.79 count 5 6 9 6 From Table 1, we can get that, in a certain range, the region segment can be determined by peaks’ variance and density of texture with intensive grain direction.
Roughly set 1600 as the variance threshold, 6 as the number threshold in this table.
Firstly enhance non-road texture and grain the trend of direction by projection transformation, so it is more efficient to extract available road information and the contrast is obvious.