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Table 1 Composition and shear strength at room temperature for several lead-free solders and two solders containing Pb Serial number W(Sn)/% Cu Ag Bi Sb Zn Ni Pb Te Co Shear strength /MPa 1 98.5 1.5 27.4 2 97.0 3.0 28.9 3 96.35 3.65 37.3 4 95.5 4.0 0.5 32.0 5 95.0 5.0 31.6 6 91.0 9.0 28.8 7 97.0 2.0 0.2 0.8 35.5 8 98.4 0.1 0.1 1.3 0.1 33.5 9 91.8 0.2 8.0 28.3 10 97.25 0.375 0.375 2.0 36.5 11 93.6 1.7 4.7 40.5 12 30.0 70.0 26.9 13 3.0 1.5 95.5 22.7 14 93.5 5.0 0.5 0.5 0.5 37.0 15 94.25 2.0 3.6 0.15 42.9 Some researchers are also actively engaged in the research of lead-free electronic soldering filler metal [8].
The result shows that soldering filler metal can achieve good property under rapid solidification, for example, ultra refined of grain can make material gain high strength and toughness.
For example, the existing infrared reflow welding equipments are difficult to meet the requirements, it needs to change to the air convection reflow soldering equipments, increase the number of temperature area and reduce the size of each temperature in order to be better controlled at high temperature.
It can obtain nanocrystalline solder by some technical measures or obtain different melt temperatures by controlling different nano grain size, which can not only reduce the price, but overcome the shortcoming of high melting point [20].

Lithium is the lightest metal element with atomic number of 3, density of 0.534g•cm-³, Lattice constant of a = 0.35023nm, body-centered cubic structure and high plasticity.
The growth trend of the number of published papers is shown versus to the published time.
Currently, the normal rapid solidification methods include three ways such as the powder metallurgy, rapid solidification casting and spray deposition. [13] Rapid solidification method could improve the solid solubility of lithium in aluminum, and also could refine the grains, reduce segregation and improve mechanical properties of alloys.
Since lithium can refine grains and reinforce boundary of the crystal spreading, its addition makes the alloy to show the super plastic phenomenon. [17] Fig 2 Diagram of electromagnetic microgravity simulator system The working principle of electromagnetic simulated microgravity device is the melt metal overcomes gravity and is in the condition of weightlessness under electromagnetic force, and then density difference of the melt in two phases is eliminated, and effect of Stokes deposition will be reduced. [18] The reason for lithium content increasing in alloys is the reduction of lithium consumption in smelting process by electromagnetic method of simulated microgravity.

Continuous efforts are being made to address the sustainability issues of conventional gear hobbing process by minimization of cutting fluids (CF’s), reducing the number of finishing operations and by adopting economic and efficient heat treatment processes.
Specifications of the spur gear Hobbing parameters Material: 20MnCr5 alloy steel MQLAH: V = 29 m/min; f = 0.44 mm/rev (Q = 100 ml/hr; α = 30ᵒ) FLAH: V = 22 m/min; f = 0.44 mm/rev (Q = 2500 ml/hr) Module: 3 mm Profile: Involute Number of teeth: 16 M-PTA parameters Pitch circle diameter: 48 mm Power, P: 176W Scanning speed, S: 1.25 mm/s Stand-off distance, Z: 8 mm Pressure angle: 20° Face width: 10 mm Tip diameter: 54 mm Bore diameter: 25.4 mm Methods.
It can be observed that MQLAH M-PTA treated gear flank surface has comparatively finer grains and more pearlite content (due to the formation of uniform hardened case) as compared to FLAH M-PTA treated gear which consisted of coarse grains with less pearlite content.

Manual, StatSoft), an experimental composition system can be defined by a number of independent size fractions (ingredients of the mixture), in which a regular array of uniformly spaced points (simplex lattice) is set.
The aggregate PSD modulus, as defined by the Andreasen theory, constitutes a tool of easy use that enables the quantification of the weight fractions of the required large number of class sizes of the raw material [9].
The flowability of a SFRC can also be measured by the maximum paste thickness (MPT), as this parameter represents the thickness of the flow bed that fills the porosity defined by the coarser grains.
However, the matrix mostly controls the castingbehaviour, as it determines the water requirements and the MPT between aggregate grains.

It was attributed to the change in the microstructures of the substrate in the crystalline specimen during CVD processing at 900�, i. e, coarsening of grains.
The crystalline specimen did not show a knee and it failed at a finite number of cycles up to the fatigue limit corresponding to 107cycles (370 MPa) unlike in the case of the amorphous specimen with a knee at 395 MPa.
After the fatigue test at the stress amplitude of the fatigue limit, no cracks in the amorphous and crystalline specimens were on the coating film, and only a few number of cracks were observed in the ion-plated specimen.
However, it has the lowest fatigue strength in the long life region because the grains in the substrate had coarsened during the coating process at 900℃.

A significant number of intermetallic Heusler alloys (HA) of X2YZ formula, where X and Y are transition metals, and Z is an s-p element, and of a crystalline structure of L21 have been predicted theoretically to be half-metals due to an energy gap at EF in the minority-spin subbands [1].
The Ni2MnIn alloy films deposited at 730 K show a well-ordered single-phase L21 structure with a small tetragonal distortion, a = 0.6185 nm and c = 0.6076 nm, and a rather great mean grain size of about 80 - 90 nm.
However, the main diffraction lines become wider, and additional diffraction lines, marked by number 2 - 4 [2 - (321), 3 - (410) or (223) and 4 - (141) or (303), and line 1 is not identified] emerge (see Fig. 1), indicating formation of a structure with the B2-type ordering.
This is also accompanied by a noticeable reduction in the mean grain size.

Through-thickness anisotropy of mechanical properties in aluminum alloy plate arise from various sources, such as chemistry gradients resulting from solidification sequences during casting, grain structure and crystallographic texture gradients, and quench rate gradient after solution heat treatment.
In-plane anisotropy of mechanical properties is predominantly control- led by crystallographic texture with additional secondary effects from grain morphology and precipitate structures having non-uniform forma- tion on different habit planes during artificial ageing. 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 Cube Goss Brass S Cu R-Cube Crystallographic Texture component olum of ure Component t/2 t/6 Text e %V Since these latter effects are related to crystallo- graphic texture of the plate, texture is the most predominant factor determining in-plane strength Fig.2 Crystallographic texture of 39 mm ga 2195-T8 plate at t/2 and t/6 locations anisotropy[5].
Lot numbers SD-1, SD-2 , SD-3 and SD-4 were hot rolled primarily by one directional rolling to 39mm gauge plate by lengthening the ingots to 7.4 times the incoming ingot length with a very small amount of deformation in the lateral direction (1.2 times), yielding an overall deformation ratio (longitudinal direction vs. transverse direction) of 6.2:1.
%(S+Cu-Brass) components Ratio of (L UTS/LT UTS) SD-1 SD-2 SD-3 SD-4 TD-1 TD-2 0 1 2 3 4 SD-1 SD-2 SD-3 SD-4 TD-1 TD-2 Plate Lot Number Ratio of vol.% (S / Br) Fig. 7 Ratio of (S/Brass) at t/6 location from two different rolling practices Fig. 8 Correlation of (L UTS/LT UTS) and vol.

Introduction Asphalt mixture is granular material which is composed by different particle size[1,2].The pavement performance determines by the space distribution of particle, it depends on the shape of mineral grains, surface properties, rock performance, mineral skeleton structure and so on[3,4].
In the process of engineering application, the mainly consideration in the gravity is motion contact behavior, the motion behavior size is closely relate to the internal friction and cohesion of grain.
The micro characteristic parameters of particles are supplied, the particle density is 2.5 g/cm3, the friction coefficient is 0.5，a linear stiffness contact model is applied, the time step number of particle operation is two million, the wall normal stiffness and tangential stiffness separately are =3.0×108，=3.0×108；the particle normal stiffness and tangential stiffness separately are =1.0×108、=1.0×108，there are five walls in the particle piling model, the numbers are 1#,2#,3#,4# and 5#，the normal stiffness and tangential stiffness of every wall separately are =1.0×1020，=1.0×1020；=1.0×1020，=1.0×1020；=1.0×1050，=1.0×1050；=1.0×1050，=1.0×1050；=1.0×1050，=1.0×1050；the coordinates separately are xl1=0.0，y11=0.0，x12=0.5，y12=0.0；X21=0.0，y21=0.5，x22=0.0，y22=0.0；X31=0.2，y31=-0.01，x32=0.2，y32=0.019；X41=0.2，y41=0.05，x42=0.2，y42=0.4；X51=0.3，y51=-0.01，x52=0.3，y52=0.019；After the gradation types of CA0.2, CA0.6 and CA0.8 were operated for two million time steps，the contact networks among particles are

During this period, the Brazilian economy was dominated by mining; however, with the decline of the gold cycle, coffee culture had great momentum in the country and made Brazil one of the largest exporters of this grain in the world in the 19th century.
These numbers describe just how promising the panel sector is, in the Brazilian economy.
Lignin acts as a stiffener of cellulose microfibrils and appears to prevent or limit perpendicular movement to the grain resulting in higher mechanical strength [21].
[3] Brazilian Association Industry Of Wood Panels [ABIPA] Numbers of sector in 2012.

The general mechanism can be summarized as [2-4]: 1) Cryogenic treatment can be retained austenite into martensite, thereby enhancing the strength and hardness of the material. 2) Cryogenic treatment can precipitate fine carbides, improving the wear resistance of material. 3) Grain refinement of the internal organization of the material, to improve the toughness of the material.
Number of cryogenic treatment.
For the number of cryogenic treatment, forming a more unified point of view.
The results showed that: the optimum comprehensive mechanical properties of TiN/YW2 were cryogenic treatment in 30h, after cryogenic treatment stress induced grain reverse in the coating caused TiN preferred orientation, so the hardness of the system was improved.