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Table 1 Composition and shear strength at room temperature for several lead-free solders and two solders containing Pb Serial number W(Sn)/% Cu Ag Bi Sb Zn Ni Pb Te Co Shear strength /MPa 1 98.5 1.5 27.4 2 97.0 3.0 28.9 3 96.35 3.65 37.3 4 95.5 4.0 0.5 32.0 5 95.0 5.0 31.6 6 91.0 9.0 28.8 7 97.0 2.0 0.2 0.8 35.5 8 98.4 0.1 0.1 1.3 0.1 33.5 9 91.8 0.2 8.0 28.3 10 97.25 0.375 0.375 2.0 36.5 11 93.6 1.7 4.7 40.5 12 30.0 70.0 26.9 13 3.0 1.5 95.5 22.7 14 93.5 5.0 0.5 0.5 0.5 37.0 15 94.25 2.0 3.6 0.15 42.9 Some researchers are also actively engaged in the research of lead-free electronic soldering filler metal [8].
The result shows that soldering filler metal can achieve good property under rapid solidification, for example, ultra refined of grain can make material gain high strength and toughness.
For example, the existing infrared reflow welding equipments are difficult to meet the requirements, it needs to change to the air convection reflow soldering equipments, increase the number of temperature area and reduce the size of each temperature in order to be better controlled at high temperature.
It can obtain nanocrystalline solder by some technical measures or obtain different melt temperatures by controlling different nano grain size, which can not only reduce the price, but overcome the shortcoming of high melting point [20].

The low presence of the grain boundary glass phase and the relatively high sintered density over 98 % of theoretical density, have resulted in a significant increase in the hardness.
The higher fracture toughness of 5.54 MPa m1/2 of cutting tools is believed to be due to the interactions between elongated grains and the propagating cracks.
A number of experiments were conducted in the desired range of process parameters, viz variant cutting speeds (v), constant feed (f) and depth of cut (ap).
For consolidation of results to each cutting condition, a number of replicate experiments were carried out based on which the average performance of dry turning has been studied.

Manual, StatSoft), an experimental composition system can be defined by a number of independent size fractions (ingredients of the mixture), in which a regular array of uniformly spaced points (simplex lattice) is set.
The aggregate PSD modulus, as defined by the Andreasen theory, constitutes a tool of easy use that enables the quantification of the weight fractions of the required large number of class sizes of the raw material [9].
The flowability of a SFRC can also be measured by the maximum paste thickness (MPT), as this parameter represents the thickness of the flow bed that fills the porosity defined by the coarser grains.
However, the matrix mostly controls the castingbehaviour, as it determines the water requirements and the MPT between aggregate grains.

In both approaches: surface modification and the synthesis of a new material, ion beam bombardement strongly influence on the substrate near-surface layer or resultant material structure and characteristics causing: increase in film to substrate adhesion, increase in nucleation density resulting in growing film grain size refinement (or susceptibility to amorphysation), change in grain orientation, film densification, reduce of internal stresses and lower deposition temperatures (of the substrates [.
Sputtering coefficients (e.g. ratio of the total number of sputtered atoms and ions to number of sputtering ions) had to be calculated to obtain the final elemental composition of the formed coating from the sputtered material used (commonly called as the “target”).

The general mechanism can be summarized as [2-4]: 1) Cryogenic treatment can be retained austenite into martensite, thereby enhancing the strength and hardness of the material. 2) Cryogenic treatment can precipitate fine carbides, improving the wear resistance of material. 3) Grain refinement of the internal organization of the material, to improve the toughness of the material.
Number of cryogenic treatment.
For the number of cryogenic treatment, forming a more unified point of view.
The results showed that: the optimum comprehensive mechanical properties of TiN/YW2 were cryogenic treatment in 30h, after cryogenic treatment stress induced grain reverse in the coating caused TiN preferred orientation, so the hardness of the system was improved.

Lithium is the lightest metal element with atomic number of 3, density of 0.534g•cm-³, Lattice constant of a = 0.35023nm, body-centered cubic structure and high plasticity.
The growth trend of the number of published papers is shown versus to the published time.
Currently, the normal rapid solidification methods include three ways such as the powder metallurgy, rapid solidification casting and spray deposition. [13] Rapid solidification method could improve the solid solubility of lithium in aluminum, and also could refine the grains, reduce segregation and improve mechanical properties of alloys.
Since lithium can refine grains and reinforce boundary of the crystal spreading, its addition makes the alloy to show the super plastic phenomenon. [17] Fig 2 Diagram of electromagnetic microgravity simulator system The working principle of electromagnetic simulated microgravity device is the melt metal overcomes gravity and is in the condition of weightlessness under electromagnetic force, and then density difference of the melt in two phases is eliminated, and effect of Stokes deposition will be reduced. [18] The reason for lithium content increasing in alloys is the reduction of lithium consumption in smelting process by electromagnetic method of simulated microgravity.

Recently, there has been a significant increase in the number of scientific papers on topics related to composite materials (CM), especially to those having metal matrix (MCM).
A small number of round-shaped pores up to 1 mm in size and non-metallic inclusions, apparently endogenous, were detected by the analysis of the transverse fractures of the ingot.
[14] Jankauskas, Vytenis et al., Effect of WC grain size and content on low stress abrasive wear of manual arc welded hardfacings with low-carbon or stainless steel matrix, Wear. 328 (2015) 378-390
[17] Su, Wei, et al., Preparation and sintering of WC–Co composite powders for coarse grained WC–8Co hardmetals, International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials. 45 (2014) 80-85

The necessity for surgical operations in replacement of the hip joint was until recently caused principally by the age of patients or by accidental injuries, however, the number of patients undergoing this procedure at a young age has rapidly increased in the recent two decades.
The number of used endoprostheses reaches millions per year and the statistics show that unfortunately the need in this area increases year after year.
With increasing the grain size within 14/10… 28/20 the material removal rate increases 1.5 ... 2.5 times.
As it was expected the grain size and the bond type have predominated impact on the surface quality.

This is especially true when it comes to neutron beam time, which is precious due to the limited number of neutron sources and limited chances of getting beam time in the first place.
A number of things could be calculated and optimized already at this stage, such as gauge volume size (especially if predictions of strain gradients are already available), measurement time, reduction of neutron path lengths (e.g. with the aid of an Eulerian cradle), the most suitable Bragg reflections and the most suitable auxiliary equipment needed (for optimization of heating and cooling times for a furnace for example) etc.
This can also be important for things like grain size issues which often cause difficulties and compromise accurate strain estimation.
A real-time simulation acting on data acquired from the detector could automatically interact with the measurement itself, for instance continuously oscillating a specimen to improve grain size statistics when needed.

Their average grain size of these products is about several micrometers, and grain boundaries in these samples are very smooth, no other inter-phases or un-reacted oxides at the interfaces.
In rare earth cerium oxides with the general formula Ln2Ce2O7 with defect fluorite structure, there are a large number of oxygen vacancies.
The structure order degree gradually increases with the decreasing of atomic number of rare earth element, which hinders formation of the ionic vacancy clustering.