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Online since: December 2012
Authors: Hong Xiao, Mei Wu Shi, Guo Liang Dai, Li Li Liu
When the viscosity of PET was 0.54dL/g, the reduction of viscosity difference meant the viscosity of PTT component melt was from high to low.
The potential shrinkage difference between the two components decreased with the reduction of the viscosity difference between the two components, and the potential crimp energy was not significant.
(a)PET/PTT70/30 (b)PET/PTT60/40 (c)PET/PTT50/50 Figure 7 The crimp shapes of the PET/PTT filaments with different weight ratios The effect of weight ratio on the structure.In the different content bicomponent fiber, with reduction of the PTT component concentration, the crystallinity of PTT components increased, and the crystallinity of the PET component reduced.In particular, when the content of PTT components was 30%, its crystallinity increased to 72.04%; but with the content of the component increasing, crystallinity of each single component reduced, and the specific datum were shown in Table 4.
Under the same component and cross-sectional area, the spining tension on the unit mass of component increased because of the reduction of the component content, then strengthened the induced orientation, and the crystallinity increased.
The potential shrinkage difference between the two components decreased with the reduction of the viscosity difference between the two components, and the potential crimp energy was not significant.
(a)PET/PTT70/30 (b)PET/PTT60/40 (c)PET/PTT50/50 Figure 7 The crimp shapes of the PET/PTT filaments with different weight ratios The effect of weight ratio on the structure.In the different content bicomponent fiber, with reduction of the PTT component concentration, the crystallinity of PTT components increased, and the crystallinity of the PET component reduced.In particular, when the content of PTT components was 30%, its crystallinity increased to 72.04%; but with the content of the component increasing, crystallinity of each single component reduced, and the specific datum were shown in Table 4.
Under the same component and cross-sectional area, the spining tension on the unit mass of component increased because of the reduction of the component content, then strengthened the induced orientation, and the crystallinity increased.
Online since: August 2014
Authors: Yu De Xu, Jia Yuan Tao
Adjustment scheme can be made according to static inspection data due to the small difference between dynamic irregularity and static irregularity of ballastless track [4].
The spline passes through each data point
(4) A cubic spline curve of rail surface is constructed by the inspection data on mileage (node x) and rail surface elevation (node value y) of several sleepers.
Application case Large amounts of track geometry data of ballastless track have been acquired by railway management.
The amplitude reduction of vertical wheel-rail force, lateral wheel-rail force and vehicle vertical acceleration are respectively 19.3%, 18.5% and 37.5%.
The spline passes through each data point
(4) A cubic spline curve of rail surface is constructed by the inspection data on mileage (node x) and rail surface elevation (node value y) of several sleepers.
Application case Large amounts of track geometry data of ballastless track have been acquired by railway management.
The amplitude reduction of vertical wheel-rail force, lateral wheel-rail force and vehicle vertical acceleration are respectively 19.3%, 18.5% and 37.5%.
Online since: January 2022
Authors: Ángel Enrique Chavez-Castellanos, Gerardo Sanjuan-Sanjuan
The temperature-time data were captured continuously with Thermocouple Data Longer Picolog TC-08 (three data per second).
Schematic experimental device: Furnace, Data logger, Type-K, Mechanical Stirrer and Alloy A356 stirring.
Sokolowski, Reduction of the heat treatment process for the Al-based alloys by utilization of heat from solidification process, Journal of Materials Processing Technology 176 (2006) 24-31
Schematic experimental device: Furnace, Data logger, Type-K, Mechanical Stirrer and Alloy A356 stirring.
Sokolowski, Reduction of the heat treatment process for the Al-based alloys by utilization of heat from solidification process, Journal of Materials Processing Technology 176 (2006) 24-31
Online since: May 2012
Authors: Dong Lin Bai, Li Cheng Li, Xiao Ling Yin
But in dry season from October to next February, significant reduction of the upstream flow changes it to a partially mixed estuary and attributes to the sea water intrusion to impact extensively the local water supply including that of Macau [1].
So far most achievements in related study have been made on the estuarine hydrographic characteristics [4], the influences of runoff, tide, wind and topography [5, 6, 7], spatial-temporal changes of the saline extent [8] etc., which were mainly based on observed data analysis due to the complexity and lack of thoroughly understanding of the problem.
Methodology Study Site and Data Collection.
Detailed quantitative analysis will rely on more precise and high resolution data collections.
The authors acknowledge the helpful discussions and data collections provided by the colleagues from the Ocean Center of Sun Yat-Sen University.
So far most achievements in related study have been made on the estuarine hydrographic characteristics [4], the influences of runoff, tide, wind and topography [5, 6, 7], spatial-temporal changes of the saline extent [8] etc., which were mainly based on observed data analysis due to the complexity and lack of thoroughly understanding of the problem.
Methodology Study Site and Data Collection.
Detailed quantitative analysis will rely on more precise and high resolution data collections.
The authors acknowledge the helpful discussions and data collections provided by the colleagues from the Ocean Center of Sun Yat-Sen University.
Online since: February 2014
Authors: Jian Zhong Zhang, Lei Zhao, Fei Yang
Author has designed a kind of passive sprinkler dust car underground which is able to spray water for dust reduction on the whole section of roadways and does not need to connect power and water supplies.
Dust suppression test result data with nozzle diameterat different pressures in the return airway of fully mechanized mining face in a mine is shown in Table.1below.
Table.1 Test data with a nozzle diameter Water pressure() 4() 5() 6() 7() 8() Water consumption() 5.90 6.76 7.20 8.32 8.55 Dust suppression efficiency 81% 87% 90.4% 93% 95% As shown in the table above, the higher the water pressure is, the greater the efficiency of reducing dust is at the same diameter of nozzles.
Test result data is close to the corresponding data shown in the Figure.3.
Dust suppression test result data with nozzle diameterat different pressures in the return airway of fully mechanized mining face in a mine is shown in Table.1below.
Table.1 Test data with a nozzle diameter Water pressure() 4() 5() 6() 7() 8() Water consumption() 5.90 6.76 7.20 8.32 8.55 Dust suppression efficiency 81% 87% 90.4% 93% 95% As shown in the table above, the higher the water pressure is, the greater the efficiency of reducing dust is at the same diameter of nozzles.
Test result data is close to the corresponding data shown in the Figure.3.
Online since: November 2011
Authors: Zhong Liang Pan, Guang Zhao Zhang, Ling Chen
For the defect property and features, B.Monemar [6] studied the impacts of defect for LED, discussed the defect reduction of the internal quantum efficiency of InGaN-based multiple quantum.
The FCM clustering makes use of membership degree to determine each data point belongs to a certain cluster.
Let xi is a vector (i=1, 2, ×××, n), it is the ith measured data.
The cj is the center of the cluster, and || × || is any norm that expresses the similarity between the measured data and the center.
Thus, for the grey-scale image segmentation by using FCM, the data set for FCM is the gray value of every pixel, the main task involves the search for the image points that are similar enough to be grouped together.
The FCM clustering makes use of membership degree to determine each data point belongs to a certain cluster.
Let xi is a vector (i=1, 2, ×××, n), it is the ith measured data.
The cj is the center of the cluster, and || × || is any norm that expresses the similarity between the measured data and the center.
Thus, for the grey-scale image segmentation by using FCM, the data set for FCM is the gray value of every pixel, the main task involves the search for the image points that are similar enough to be grouped together.
Online since: November 2010
Authors: Lian Qing Chen, Xun Yang, Zhen Xiang Zhang, Kun Wang
Fig. 1 Micro plastic duplicate gear
Computer Vision Inspection System
The computer vision inspection system of micro gear is composed of the CCD, optical system, the data acquisition and processing system.
Therefore, by the proportion of relations we can obtain that: The process of detecting gear by the dummy circle scan method contains: To sub-pixel center of the circle (x¢0,y¢0), do a dummy circle of radius r, so the dummy circle and the gear profile have 2z intersetion points, by the judge of searching, we can find out the integer pixel coordinates of these intersection points, take advantage of dimensionality reduction gray moment operator of sub-pixel location, we can work out the sub-pixel coordinates(x¢i, y¢i)of these points and take these horizontal and vertical pixel coordinates of the intersection point into two one-dimensional array respectively.
Experimental Data Analysis In the experiments of checking tooth shape detection algorithm, the parameters of detected small module plastic gear are: z1=50, m1=0.25mm; z2=10, m2=0.3mm, where m1, m2 and z1, z2 are the tooth number and modulus of the large gear and the small gear respectively.
To take the tooth shape detection of small gear for example, and taking virtual round as small gear’s pitch circle: Table 1 Test data of small gear tooth profile NO di,i+1/d1,2(i=3, 5, …, 19) di,i+2/d2z-1,1(i=1, 3, …, 17) 1 d3,4/d1,2=1.0102 d1,3/d19,1=0.9897 2 d5,6/d1,2=0.9707 d3,5/d19,1=1.0344 3 d7,8/d1,2=1.0514 d5,7/d19,1=0.9822 4 d9,10/d1,2=1.0462 d7,9/d19,1=0.9924 5 d11,12/d1,2=0.9705 d9,11/d19,1=1.0327 6 d13,14/d1,2=1.0661 d11,13/d19,1=0.9897 7 d15,16/d1,2=0.9588 d13,15/d19,1=1.0262 8 d17,18/d1,2=1.0114 d15,17/d19,1=1.0381 9 d19,20/d1,2=0.9676 d17,19/d19,1=0.9819 Shown in table 1, (i=3, 5, …,19), (i=1, 3, …, 17), so, the tooth test data in the sub-degree circle is qualified.
Therefore, by the proportion of relations we can obtain that: The process of detecting gear by the dummy circle scan method contains: To sub-pixel center of the circle (x¢0,y¢0), do a dummy circle of radius r, so the dummy circle and the gear profile have 2z intersetion points, by the judge of searching, we can find out the integer pixel coordinates of these intersection points, take advantage of dimensionality reduction gray moment operator of sub-pixel location, we can work out the sub-pixel coordinates(x¢i, y¢i)of these points and take these horizontal and vertical pixel coordinates of the intersection point into two one-dimensional array respectively.
Experimental Data Analysis In the experiments of checking tooth shape detection algorithm, the parameters of detected small module plastic gear are: z1=50, m1=0.25mm; z2=10, m2=0.3mm, where m1, m2 and z1, z2 are the tooth number and modulus of the large gear and the small gear respectively.
To take the tooth shape detection of small gear for example, and taking virtual round as small gear’s pitch circle: Table 1 Test data of small gear tooth profile NO di,i+1/d1,2(i=3, 5, …, 19) di,i+2/d2z-1,1(i=1, 3, …, 17) 1 d3,4/d1,2=1.0102 d1,3/d19,1=0.9897 2 d5,6/d1,2=0.9707 d3,5/d19,1=1.0344 3 d7,8/d1,2=1.0514 d5,7/d19,1=0.9822 4 d9,10/d1,2=1.0462 d7,9/d19,1=0.9924 5 d11,12/d1,2=0.9705 d9,11/d19,1=1.0327 6 d13,14/d1,2=1.0661 d11,13/d19,1=0.9897 7 d15,16/d1,2=0.9588 d13,15/d19,1=1.0262 8 d17,18/d1,2=1.0114 d15,17/d19,1=1.0381 9 d19,20/d1,2=0.9676 d17,19/d19,1=0.9819 Shown in table 1, (i=3, 5, …,19), (i=1, 3, …, 17), so, the tooth test data in the sub-degree circle is qualified.
Online since: March 2010
Authors: An Ming Li, Meng Juan Hu, Xiang Jie Wang
The influence law of quenching and tempering temperature on the strength and
hardness of 65Mn steel is obtained through data-process of the experimental result, and the
mathematical model is established.
Table 1 Test standard of quenching and tempering temperature Factor Quenching temperature/°C Tempering temperature /°C Code Mark of variable X1 X2 Basic standard 780 250 0 Varying range 20 30 Top standard 800 280 +1 Lower standard 760 220 -1 The Experimental Results and Data Processing The phase transition critical temperature test was carried out on a SDTQ600 type differential scanning calorimeter (DSC).
After data processing, the regression equation was obtained as follows: Hardness equation: HRC=58.7+2.2X1-1.5X2- 3.2 2 1x + 0.3 22x - 0.3 X1X2 Tensile strength equation: bs =1151.7+42.2X1-30.4X2-63.0 2 1x + 5.6 22x - 4.88 X1X2 Where:X1∈[-1,+1];X2 ∈[-1,+1]; The variance test of this experiment has been done, and the results show that factors X1 and X2 is significant at α=0.001, 0.005 respectively.
The experimental data is reliable.
Metallographic analysis shows that a small number of ferrite block exists in the sample quenched 760°C (see Fig. 2a), ferrite block has a significant reduction in the hardness and strength.
Table 1 Test standard of quenching and tempering temperature Factor Quenching temperature/°C Tempering temperature /°C Code Mark of variable X1 X2 Basic standard 780 250 0 Varying range 20 30 Top standard 800 280 +1 Lower standard 760 220 -1 The Experimental Results and Data Processing The phase transition critical temperature test was carried out on a SDTQ600 type differential scanning calorimeter (DSC).
After data processing, the regression equation was obtained as follows: Hardness equation: HRC=58.7+2.2X1-1.5X2- 3.2 2 1x + 0.3 22x - 0.3 X1X2 Tensile strength equation: bs =1151.7+42.2X1-30.4X2-63.0 2 1x + 5.6 22x - 4.88 X1X2 Where:X1∈[-1,+1];X2 ∈[-1,+1]; The variance test of this experiment has been done, and the results show that factors X1 and X2 is significant at α=0.001, 0.005 respectively.
The experimental data is reliable.
Metallographic analysis shows that a small number of ferrite block exists in the sample quenched 760°C (see Fig. 2a), ferrite block has a significant reduction in the hardness and strength.
Online since: February 2014
Authors: Won Hwa Hong, Gi Wook Cha, Jae Han Park
Methodology
3.1 Process of this study
This study was conducted in the following steps in order to compare energy consumption and CO2 emissions of G-SEED certified apartments and non G-SEED certified apartments.
1) Analyze the evaluation points and ratio of G-SEED apartments with excellent grade in energy and environment sectors.
2) Analyze energy consumption and CO2 emissions of G-SEED certified apartments.
3) Compare average energy consumption and CO2 emissions of general apartments in Daegu.
4) Verify the environmental effectiveness in terms of energy consumption and CO2 emissions.
3.2 Data source and collecting data
In this study, the Apartment Management Info System of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport was used in order to collect information on energy consumption and CO2 emissions [3].
June, July, August, September) and then data on energy consumption and CO2 emissions in both seasons was gathered.
Based on data in Table 3, it can be expected that the subject buildings have positive results for energy consumption and CO2 emissions.
The location of target buildings in this study Table 3.The obtained score of target buildings from G−SEED Area Standard Score of A Score of B Score of C Score of D Energy Energy consumption 7 / 12 7 / 12 8.78 / 12 8.83 / 12 Use ofalternative energy 0 / 3 0 / 3 0 / 3 0 / 3 Environmentalpollution Reduction of CO2emission 3 / 3 3/ 3 2 / 3 2 / 3 Grade Excellent Excellent Excellent Excellent 5.
June, July, August, September) and then data on energy consumption and CO2 emissions in both seasons was gathered.
Based on data in Table 3, it can be expected that the subject buildings have positive results for energy consumption and CO2 emissions.
The location of target buildings in this study Table 3.The obtained score of target buildings from G−SEED Area Standard Score of A Score of B Score of C Score of D Energy Energy consumption 7 / 12 7 / 12 8.78 / 12 8.83 / 12 Use ofalternative energy 0 / 3 0 / 3 0 / 3 0 / 3 Environmentalpollution Reduction of CO2emission 3 / 3 3/ 3 2 / 3 2 / 3 Grade Excellent Excellent Excellent Excellent 5.
Online since: June 2012
Authors: Jing Lei, Guang Tian Liu
Introduction
In the past decades, hyperbranched polymers have attracted considerable attention due to their remarkable properties such as reduction of melt and solution viscosity, high solubility and ready to be functional in comparison to their linear analogues, which resulted from the large number of reactive end-groups within a molecule, approximately spherical molecular shape and the absence of chain entanglement[1-2].
Before the data gathering, all samples were heated to 200℃ and held in the molten state for 5 min to eliminate the influence of thermal history.
It is clear that the Avrami equation is effective for analyzing the experimental data of the isothermal crystallization kinetics.
However, the non-integer values of the Avrami exponent were obtained from experimental data, ranging from 3.63 to 5.01 and from 2.63 to 2.89, respectively.
The values of t1/2 obtained from experimental data are also given in Table 1.
Before the data gathering, all samples were heated to 200℃ and held in the molten state for 5 min to eliminate the influence of thermal history.
It is clear that the Avrami equation is effective for analyzing the experimental data of the isothermal crystallization kinetics.
However, the non-integer values of the Avrami exponent were obtained from experimental data, ranging from 3.63 to 5.01 and from 2.63 to 2.89, respectively.
The values of t1/2 obtained from experimental data are also given in Table 1.