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To fabricate these protective coatings, a number of good candidates include titanium dioxide (TiO2), chromium nitride (CrN), niobium oxide (NbO), and tantalum oxide (Ta2O5).
This was probably because of the diffusion of the reagent along the grain boundaries.[1] Fig. 2 I-V polarization curve (Tafel slope) of the samples after immersed in 1M NaCl (a) bare (uncoated) substrate and 25 nm-Ta2O5 sample; and (b) Ta2O5 films at various thicknesses In order to determine the corrosion rate, we recalled the current density which was directly related with the corrosion rate, from the following equation: (1) Where RM is the corrosion rate (mm/year), M is the atomic weight, n is the charge number, F is the Faraday’s constant (94.485 C/mol), and r is the density.

Table 1 Material parameters of Baixi CFRD Number φ K n Rf Kb m 1 51 1.14 0.26 0.79 611 0.09 2 49 1.21 0.28 0.76 621 0.14 3 45 1.07 0.33 0.76 425 0.03 In this study, the contact conditions between face slab and dam body, as well as face slab itself and with toe slab are simulated, by using interface element.
For the face slab with stake number 0+70.0 to 0+110.0, the tensile stress along the slope almost exceedes 2.0MPa.
M. and Xu Q., Research on increment creep model of coarse grained materials, Rock and Soil Mechanics, 32 (11)(2011) 3201-3496.

This represents a major problem in multiscale modeling of materials whose goal is to develop a systematic coarse-graining procedure through which the essential atomic-level details of the problem can be projected into macroscopic laws or continuum models.
Theoretical background In the following, we will discretize the simulated body into a finite number of mesoscopic cells (mesocells) that can contain from a few to thousands of unit cells.
Moreover, any mesocell may be either dislocation-free or contain a finite number of crystal dislocations.

The hot cracks occur at high temperature along the grain boundaries when the level of strain or strain rate exceed a certain level and it is connected with the technological strength of welded joins.
According to maximum principle function of power density qy,τ takes the following expression: qy,τ= qmax2+qmax2n=0pξnψn(y,τ,τ' where ψny,τ,τ'=e-aμn2τ'-τcosμny, τ'= abv,μn= πnl Unknown numbers ξ0,ξ1,...
Let the numbers ξ1(r),ξ2(r),…,ξp(r) are r-м approximation to the exact solution of the equations.

Corrosion experiments on a number of rare earth di-silicates containing Y, Yb and Lu have been conducted in flowing air with 30 vol.% H2O at 1500°C.
In a number of studies Opila and co-workers (e.g. [2,3]) have shown that silica is volatile in wet atmospheres and that the evaporation kinetics are often too fast to allow long-time use.
Small amounts of silica- rich grain boundary phase or artefacts from the manufacturing process might also contribute to raised initial loss rates [15].

Wetland restoration was conducted by returning the grain plots to grassland.
The method of calculation was as follows: microbial number from 1g soil equal to colonies average number multiply diluted times.
The numbers of each layer after restoration was much bigger than those correspondence before.
Thus we suppose that quantity of microbial number have a greatly change before and after restoration
Number of Microbes and Its Biodiversity in Soil of Riparian Wetland [J].

Coarse aggregate gradation design index According to the theory of filling and interference particles, achieving maximum density, and forming effective embedded crowded, the gap which formed by the former level grain should be filled by the subprime particles, or else different sizes among particles will disturb each other.
The reason that choosing 16 as the level number factor is based on facts as follows.
In the case of a five-factor of the formula designing, the regression equation of degree of freedom should not be less than five, a level number at least fifteen.
Secondly, using the level number sixteen, the evenness deviation is smaller than that of using the level number 15, 17, 18, 19, 20.
Thirdly, the number of level is greater, the work is greater [4][6].

Table 2 The total solution of simulation rolling Sample Numbers Heating time/min Thickness /mm After cold rolling speed/℃/S Number 1 60 4.1 1（Air cooling） Number 3 60 4.3 20（Laminar cooling） Number 4 60 7.5 20（Laminar cooling） Number 6 100 4.2 20（Laminar cooling） Number 7 100 7.4 20（Laminar cooling） The whole rolling process demands half an hour, 80 mm thick slabs are rolled into 7 mm thick rolling plate 2 blocks, 4 mm thick rolling plate 3 blocks.
Metallographic test.In order to study the influence of heating time on the mechanical properties of HG70C, select No.6 and No.7 to do metallographic examination to observe its morphology.The samples were cut to 25mm×15mm×10mm cube specimens with abrasive wheel cutting machine.After grinding, polishing and 4% nitric acid alcohol etching the polished surface,and the results using metallographic microscope to observe are shown in Fig. 8.9. 500 times 1000 times Fig.8 Simulation rolling of No.7 sample By metallographic examination, a large number of inclusions are found in 7 mm plate No.7 sample, but the inclusions distribute more uniformly,particles are not very large,generally located at the grain boundaries. banded structure appears in 4mm sheet No.6 sample,and at high magnification(1000times),the shape is slightly different with No.7(presence of the sheet-like martensite, shown in the black stripes similar to the thin line portion). 500 times

The grain size of the LCMO thin films is about 100nm.
However, the resistance value at the high resistance state after being stimulated by a negative pulse decreased gradually with the increase of pulse number applied.
Fig.5 shows the relationship between the resistance and pulse number applied where the pulse voltage was fixed at 5 V to an as-prepared sample.
The pulse number needed for maintaining about 150 kΩ resistance increased with the circle number.
Resistance vs applied pulse number for Ag-La0.7Ca0.3MnO3-Pt sandwich.

A number of particles were sectioned to confirm repeatability of the results.
This was due to the directional deformation in the grains which is enhanced by using channelling contrast.
As the number of contact cycles progresses, plastic strain accumulates and surface temperature rises which leads to further oxidation.
As expected, hardness increased with an increase in the number of cycles due to development of the work hardened layer.
Furthermore, this study showed the development of the deformed hardened layer over a number of cycles.