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Introduction Constantly increasing demands on quality of products require further reduction or elimination of defects in manufacturing.
The maximum change in length ΔL of the strain gauge has been calculated according to (1), (2), (3), (4): (1) The stain ε and the initial length l0 are given in the data sheet of the strain gauge.
In the table 2 the maximum load data of the developed clamping system are displayed [7].
The raw data are shown the next graph.

When clustering methods are combined with type-2 fuzzy sets, the prototype data can be clustered more properly and accurately.
Interval Type-2 FCM with Spatial Informations amd Membership Constrains The value of fuzzifier m should reflect the “fuzziness” of the input data.
After obtaining and , type-reduction is applied to get centroid of clusters as follows: (13) The IT2FCM-SIMC algorithm is givens below: Setp 1: Set the number of clusters ,the threshold and the maximum number of iterations ,the fuzziness index and ; Step 2: Intialize the clustering centers and set the iterative index ; Step 3: Compute the membership functions and using Eq. (7); Step 4: Compute and using Eqs. (11) and (12); Step 5: Compute and using Eq. (8); Step 6: Compute using Eq. (13); Step 7: If or the number of iterations , then output the clustering result and terminate the iterations, otherwise ,go to Step 3.
When clustering methods are combined with Type-2 fuzzy sets, the prototype data can be clustered more properly and accurately.

The objective of indenting the samples was to (a) create reproducible strength limiting flaws on the glass samples, (b) examine the effectiveness of the coating in alleviating the glass strength reduction due to large flaws.
A computer using commercial software recorded load-displacement data.
Different data sets were fitted to the following probability function: Ps = 1- exp -[ σ/σo ]m
The modulus m can be determined from the slope of the plot between lnln( 1/1-Ps ) vs ln σ and is related to the variability of the data and reliability of the material, a high m value is always preferable because it corresponds to higher reliability materials.

For crack closure measurements, the compliance method as initially proposed by Elber [2] is used as described in [3] with numerical data acquisition and processing.
Results The Fig. 1 compares the crack propagation data in the three studied environments, air, high vacuum and 4 bar hydrogen, with the da/dN vs DK diagram in Fig.1a and da/dN vs DKeff diagram in Fig.1b.
The data obtained in hydrogen environment let appear two different regimes; for DK lower than 14 MPaÖm (i.e.
This assisted stage II in air has been attributed to an effect the atmospheric water vapor, H2O molecules being adsorbed on the freshly created surfaces [5, 6], with accelerated da/dN due to a reduction of the energy required to create a new surface, and to an additional effect of hydrogen resulting from the dissociation of H2O molecules.

While the ferrous iron (Fe(II)) and the reduced inorganic sulfur compound (RISC) oxidation pathways have been deciphered in At. ferrooxidans (e.g [2, 3]), these pathways have not been studied in At. ferrivorans, though some recent data suggest that a different Fe(II) oxidation pathway involving the High Potential Iron-sulfur protein Iro (for iron oxidase) may have evolved in this bacterium [1].
Here we report the initial findings obtained from analysing the genome of At. ferrivorans CF27, and compare the data with other strains of acidithiobacilli that have been sequenced.
Phylogenies based on rusA/rusB and hip/iro markers (with additional genes from PCR amplification or published genomes) (data not shown) were in agreement with those obtained previously [1].
Interestingly the petII operon, that was proposed recently to be involved in the dissimilatory anoxic ferric iron reduction in At. ferrooxidans [13] is only present in At. ferrooxidans and At. ferrivorans strains, which are the sole acidithiobacilli able to grow under anaerobic conditions by respiring Fe(III) (see references in [4]).

Singh et al [3] have determined that the use of high-thermal conductive nanofluids in radiators can lead to a reduction in the frontal area of the radiator by up to 10%.
This reduction in aerodynamic drag can lead to a fuel saving of up to 5%.
Also comparison with various data by Wang & Mujumdar [11] indicates that the thermal conductivity of nanofluids increases with decreasing particles size.
Doucet, New temperature dependent thermal conductivity data for water-based naofluids.

Introduction The silicon metal or the industrial silicon is the product with more than 97% of silicon obtained from the carbothermic reduction reaction between the silica and the charcoal (or other carbon reduction agent) at about 2000 degrees of temperature, which mainly used in silicon-aluminum alloy, semiconductor materials and organic silicon and many other areas.
As Figure 1 shows, the PLC control program includes the parameter initialization, the chamber cleaning, the motor start/stop module, the circuit fault detection, the zero speed diagnosis, the power control, the data transmission, and so on.
Parameter inition Chamber cleaning Motor on/off Electrical fault detection Zero-speed detection Power control Data transmission Fig. 1 The PLC control block diagram System Functions.

Methods for enhancing combustion efficiency include reduction of cooling loss and pumping loss, increase in compression ratio, and effective ignition [6].
To conduct each experiment, Pressure Sensor, MFC (Mass Flow Controller), Chamber, DAQ (Data Acquisition), etc. were composed in order to ensure experimental accuracy and to construct specific environment.
Maximum reduction ratio occured by 13% at arc type.
Since each type shows differences in the point where maximum combustion pressure occurs, additional studies may be used as fundamental data for new combustion ignition techniques.

According to the recent statistical data, Chinese plastic industry has the world's largest production and consumption of Nylon6.
It was reported by Legras R. etc[17-18] that amine-anhydride reaction runs much faster than the amide-anhydride reaction, which was supported by the kinetics data.
The chain regularity was damaged after the reaction between Nylon6 and SMA, causing a reduction in crystallinity.
When the content of SMA is 2%, the refinement degree approaches to saturation, which should account for the 41% increase of impact strength; the amount of polar groups adds during grafting raised, leading to an increasing brittleness and a reduction of relative molecular mass, when the content of SMA exceedes 2%.

At present, although the technology of selective catalytic reduction (SCR) for reducing nitrogen oxide has already been put to practical use, one primary disadvantage of this technology is that it requires addition of reductants such as hydrocarbons, CO or NH3, which can lead to production of secondary pollutants.
Especially at higher temperatures, CeO2 tends to be sintered, resulting in a reduction in oxygen storage capacity.
Powder X-ray diffraction(XRD) data were obtained from an X-ray diffractometer (type D/MAX-1200, Rigaku) operated at 40 kV and 30mA at room temperature, using Cu Kα radiation combined with nickel filter.
TG analysis data were obtained from thermal gravimetric analyzer (type TGA-50, Shimadzu) operated at nitrogen flow rate of 20ml/min, heating rate of 10℃/min.