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From then on, a number of researchers successfully synthesized Ti3AlC2 bulk materials by various methods [2-6].
According to the ref. [8-10], The MSR may be ignited after a certain activation time, as milling reduced the particle size, thoroughly mixed the components, and increased the number of chemically active defect sites.
One of the most salient microstructural characters is that the agglomerates are consisted of ultrafine grains.

Numbers of scientists have concentrated their efforts on the studies of line contact problems.
This polycrystalline graphite has the mean size of petroleum coke grains of 14µm, 0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0 2 4 6 8 10 L/2R= 0.3 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 3.0 E'=10GPa Normalized depth, h/2R ( - ) Normalized load, P/2RL ( MPa ) (a) 0 0.005 0.01 0 2 4 6 8 10 E' [ GPa ] 15 12.5 10 7.5 5 L/2R=1.0 Normalized depth, h/2R ( - ) Normalized load, P/2RL ( MPa ) (b) Fig. 2 Theoretical indentation curves for (a) various h/2R-values and (b) various E’-values.
Table 1 Some properties of IG-11 Young's modulus E (GPa) Density ���� (kg/m )3 Bending Strength ���� (MPa) Poisson's ratio ���� ( - ) 9.4 0.17 1760 39 Journal Title and Volume Number (to be inserted by the publisher) mean pore size of 3µm and the porosity of 15%.� Some material properties are listed in Table 1.

Regimes of the coating samples were assigned to double numbers: the first number corresponded to the temperature of titanium base IHT, the second marked the heat treatment duration measured in seconds.
The nanometer scale research reveals the fine structure presented by rounded grains, their agglomerates and the smallest pores (Fig. 3).

Equation 1 illustrates the basic SiC deposition reaction when SiCl4 is used as the Si source. 3 SiCl4(g) + C3H8(g) + 2 H2(g) � 3 SiC(s) + 12 HCl(g) (1) Growth rate is influenced by a number of variables.
The presence of hydrogen as a reactant in Equation 1 requires that a balance be struck between supplying enough hydrogen to drive the reaction forward and too much hydrogen which promotes etching and decreases the 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 Seed Holder Temperature (C) Growth Rate (um/hr) 50% Reactant Flow 100% Reactant Flow Journal Title and Volume Number (to be inserted by the publisher) 3 growth rate.
The narrow peak widths show that wafers processed from HCVD material have low internal stress, very few low angle grain boundaries, and little or no polytype inclusions.

As the SiC source served a high-purity fine-grained SiC powder.
At higher temperatures (>1900 оС), the defect density and number of TBs increased.
A variation of the supersaturation for Si-face changes 3C nucleation conditions and, due to the irregular temperature distribution on substrate surfaces, this leads to growth of 6H inclusions and to a larger number of SFs and TBs.

The surface of the base material was blasted before spraying by white corundum with grain size of 0.7 mm, air pressure 0.4 MPa, stand-off 300 mm, impact angle of 90 °.
According to Faraday's law, there is a linear relationship between the metal dissolution rate or corrosion rate, icorr (1): RM=MηFρicorr (1) where M is the atomic weight of the metal, ρ is the density, η is the charge number which indicates the number of electrons exchanged in the dissolution reaction and F is the Faraday constant, (96.485 C/mol).

m(B2O3) = V ´ T(B2O3) (1) where, V is the NaOH standard solution consumption number, mL; T(B2O3) is the titer of NaOH to B2O3, mg/mL.
The borosilicate standard substance is numbered as GBW03132 (National Building Materials Test and Certification Center): B2O3, SiO2, Fe2O3, Al2O3, TiO2, CaO, MgO, K2O, Na2O, F- and L.O.I is 8.87%, 53.98%, 0.34%, 14.50%, 0.19%, 16.54%, 4.40%, 0.59%, 0.096% and 0.54% and 0.26% , respectively.
Wu, Study of effect of glass of fine-grain BaTiO3 ceramics, Journal of Chinese Ceramic Society. 2001, 29(1): 54-58 (in Chinese)

When alloys are subjected to either tensile or compressive cyclic loading, dislocations will interact with eutectic particles and dendritic cell/grain boundaries as deformation proceeds, leading to dispersion hardening in the material.
(b) (a) 104 105 10 6 10 7 10 8 140 160 180 200 220 240 not broken Peak Stress (σpeak, MPa) Number of Cycles to Failure (Nf, cycle) RT, R=0, 20Hz : A356 (7Si-0Mn) DAS 25µm : A356M (10Si-0.5Mn) DAS 19µm 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3 10 4 10 5 10 6 0.01 0.1 1 10 Plastic Strain Range (∆εp, %) Number of Cycles to Failure (Nf, cycle) 250 0 C, strain rate 2x10 -3 /sec : A356 (7Si-0Mn) DAS 25mm : A356M (10Si-0.5Mn) DAS 19mm Fig. 4.

In this paper, anatase TiO2 with mesoporous structure is prepared by hydrothermal method, and the mesoporous structure has been found to be aggregated by a large number of nanocrystalline TiO2 particles.
Meanwhile, the full width at half maximum (FWHM) becomes narrower, which reveals that the grain size becomes larger with the increasing annealing temperature.
For the TiO2 sphere annealed at 400 °C, the size of the nanocrystallite is about 3 to 8 nm, the size of the pore is quite small (about 4.1 nm), and the number of the pores is very large.

This material has the microstructure of a circular α phase and β grain.
However, there are no differences on the slope of S-N curve between non-pressed specimen and pressed ones. 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 1.E+04 1.E+05 1.E+06 1.E+07 1.E+08 Number of cycles to failure, [cycles] Stress amplitude, [MPa]PLA NP P0.2 P0.5 Fig. 3 S-N curves Hardness distribution after die pressing.
Thus, the effect of work hardening on fatigue strength of this material is very small. 300 350 400 450 500 0 200 400 600 800 1000 Distance from　chamfer edge, [µm] Hardness number HV (0.49N) P0.2 P0.5 Fig. 4 Hardness distribution of the specimen's surface Fig. 5 Stress-strain curve.