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There are multiple reasons to why relatively new structures (of 10 years at least) present corrosion damage [1].
The addition of dehydrated fibres of cactus or Indian fig (FN) in small concentrations (≤ 2% in weight), as a replacement of cement, may be convenient to increase the resistance to corrosion in the reinforced concrete structures [1].
When using small materials in mortars or concretes that produce a filling effect, in addition to improving their mechanical resistance we improve their durability which is fundamental for a structure to have a longer useful life without the need for a greater investment for maintenance.
This was evident throughout the test because the cubes in their surfaces presented no visible fissure in the structure.
Chemistry and Pedology Department, Materials and Techniques, Universidad de Navarra, Spain, 1995, pp. 52-59

The moisture and vapor impermeability ensure the thermal conductivity values constancy, which predetermines the foam glass use for thermal insulation of various buildings and structures [4].
Therefore, it is relevant to study the physical and chemical processes of structure formation in the process of foaming glass foam, theoretical and technological patterns of managing these processes with the aim of obtaining products with high strength properties up to 10 ... 15 MPa, and using these materials as heat-insulating and constructional [5.6].
Lesovik et al, Assessment criterion of surface energy properties, Nanosystems: Physics, chemistry, mathematics. 2 (4) (2011) 120–125.
Ageeva, Fine-grained concrete on industrial sands for bridge structures.
Samofeev, Physico-chemical processes occurring in the structure of silicate brick in the cycle of operation of the exterior walls of buildings, Bashkir Chemical Journal. 18(2) (2011) 180-184.

The formation of such polygonal walls causes creation of the structure, in which walls become low angle boundaries, separating the areas free from dislocations.
It was observed, that hexagonal structure was more susceptible to dynamic recrystallization than bcc structure.
Low strain rates facilitate dynamic recovery, restricting recrystallization driving force and reducing defects in crystal structure.
Dymek, Development of microstructure and texture during recrystallization of a Cu-Al single crystal with (100)[011] orientation, Materials Chemistry and Phisics 81 (2002) 524-527

Synthesis and Characterization of Lanthanide Metal-Organic Frameworks with Perfluorinated Linkers Andrius Laurikėnas*, Jurgis Barkauskas, Aivaras Kareiva Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Vilnius University, Naugarduko 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania andrius.laurikenas@chf.vu.lt Keywords: lanthanide, metal-organic framework, 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid Abstract.
According to the X-ray diffraction analysis data, the structures of these compounds are a coordination 2D polymers [6, 8].
In addition, the current investigation was focused on the studying the structures and photoluminescence properties of these compounds.
Fadeev, Syntheses and Structures of p-HOOCC6F4COOH H2O (H2L H2O) and Luminescent Coordination Polymers [Tb2(H2O)4(L)3 2H2O]n and Tb2(Phen)2(L)3 2H2O, Russ.
Structures of the [Tb2(H2O)8(C6F5COO)6] Complex and Its Isomer in the Supramolecular Compound [Tb2(H2O)8(C6F5COO)6] 2C6F5COOH, Russ.

(A)AC, (B)ACF Results and discussion Physical characteristics of both samples To elucidate pore structure and surface area effect on the adsorption of TCE from water, Both samples were characterized and tested.
ACF(Fig.1B), on the other hand has micro porous structure (pore 9Adsorption on activated carbon therefore not only relies upon its pore structure as the change of surface charges is also a crucial factor affecting the adsorption capacity.
The results of mass titrations indicates that a given chemical treatment yielded carbons with similar polarity and surface acidity/basicity, which permitted the study of pore size effects on TCE adsorption independent of surface chemistry effect. 2.3 Adsorption isotherm models Langmuir model was the most widely used isotherm equation, which has the form where qo(mg/g) is the maximum adsorption capacity and KL(L/mg) is the Langmuir isotherms constant. 1 Le eo Le KC qq KC   → 11 e e e o o L C C q q q K  (1) Freundilich model, on the other hand is defined as Where Kf is Freundlich constant and n is the parameter of heterogeneity of adsorption process.
Physisorption occurs due to the small size of TCE molecules, justifying its penetration onto microporous structure of activated carbon.

Aluminium was selected as a major alloying element because it is likely to promote formation of an external alumina scale while, associated with nickel, it can participate to the precipitation of the intermetallic compounds b-NiAl and b ¢-Ni2AlTi whose the crystalline structures and lattice parameters are compatible with those of chromium.
Compared with the A2 structure of α-Cr with a lattice parameter of 0.28839 nm, the NiAl and Ni2AlTi phases have respectively an ordered B2 structure with a lattice parameter of 0.2888 nm [4] and a cubic L21 structure (also known as Heusler phase) with a lattice parameter equal to 0.5850 nm [5].
The chemistry of each phase was analysed by semi-quantitative Energy Dispersive Spectrometry (EDS) in a scanning electron microscope (SEM).

Experiment The starting materials are 3" SiC epitaxial PiN wafers grown by a planetary warm wall reactor from chlorosilane/propane chemistry SiC substrates with drift doping of 1.5x1015/cm3 and thickness at 20 µm with continuous p+ growths (2 µm). µPCD measurements were performed at room temperature before device processing.
Some discrepancies have been also reported between electrically and optically measured lifetimes in PiN structures [6].
On wafer-level lifetime measurements were performed on fully grown PiN structure eptaxy wafers at room temperature before device processing with an example shown in fig. 4.
Lifetime wafer map from a PiN structure epitaxy wafer.
Wafer level carrier lifetimes are measured from fully grown PiN structures by µ-PCD.

Alloying the near surface layer of stainless steel with rare earth elements (REE) using high intensity pulsed plasma beams (HIPPB) Bożena Sartowska 1,a, Jerzy Piekoszewski 1,2, Lech Waliś 1,b, Marek Barlak2,c Irene Calliari3,d, Katya Brunelli3,e, Jan Senatorski4,f, Wojciech Starosta1,g 1 Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Dorodna 16, 03-195 Warsaw, Poland 2 The Andrzej Soltan Institute for Nuclear Studies, 05-400 Swierk/Otwock, Poland 3 Padova University, Lungargine del Piovego 1, 35131 Padova, Italy 4 Institute of Precision Mechanics, Duchnicka 3, 01-796 Warsaw, Poland a b.sartowska@ichtj.waw.pl, b lwalis@ichtj.waw.pl, c barlak@ipj.gov.pl, d irene.calliari@unipd.it, e katya.brunelli@unipd.it, f jsen@imp.edu.pl, g w.starosta@ichtj.waw.pl Keywords: high intensity pulsed plasma beams (HIPPB), rare earth elements (REE), alloying, stainless steel.
When high intensity, short duration ion or plasma pulses hit a solid, they can modify the structure of its near-surface region.
In the case of melting of the surface layer followed by rapid solidification, significant changes in substrate structure and surface morphology occur.
In the case of modified material peaks characteristic for FCC structure confirm that after remelting and alloying with REE austenitic phases are still present in the surface layer of steel.
Results of point elemental analysis of single grains of unmodified and modified samples show that observed grains are the oxide particles like in the work of [13, 14] and allowed us to determine the grains structure.

From Fig. 5, the microstructure after annealing is composed of equiaxed primary α phase and β transformation structure which actually consists of the secondary lamellar α phase and the residual β phase.
The obvious concern is that annealed at 700℃ after ECAP, the primary α phase and β transformation structure have not grown evidently, the homogeneity and the stability of the microstructure have been improved, and the relief of residual stress and work hardening has also been carried out.
Pressed at the temperatures below Tβ, α-Ti was close-packed hexagonal structure, the slip systems of which were less than other structures, and the desired shear stress of twinning deformation was lower than the critical shear stress.
A387-A389 (2004), p. 674 [11] Longdon T G, Furukawa M and Nemoto M: Journal of Organometallic Chemistry, Vol. 52 (2000), p. 30 [12] Bin Wang: (In Chinese) Effects of isothermal forging and heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of TA15 alloy (Northwestern Polytechnical University, China 2006) [13] Shichong Yuan: (In Chinese) Processing parameters and mechanism of ECAP of Ti-1023 alloy (Northwestern Polytechnical University, China 2008)

Adsorption of Surfactants on Polymer Surfaces Investigated with a Novel zeta-Potential Measurement System Martin Reischl1,3,a , Karin Stana-Kleinschek2,b , Volker Ribitsch 1,3,c 1 University of Graz, Institut für Chemie, Department of Physical Chemistry, Rheology & Colloid Science, Heinrichstrasse 28, Graz, Austria 2 University of Maribor, Laboratory for Characterisation and Processing of Polymers, Textile Institute, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Smetanova 17, Maribor, Slovenia 3 JOANNEUM RESEARCH Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, Institute of Chemical Process Development and Control, Steyrergasse 17, Graz, Austria a martin.reischl@joanneum.at, bkarin.stana@uni-mb.si, cvolker.ribitsch@uni-graz.at Keywords: polymer surface, zeta potential, surfactant adsorption, cellulosic fibre Abstract.
Out of electrokinetic measurement data, pK values of dissociable surface groups and adsorption potentials for all ionic species in solution can be calculated [6], as well as information about structure and swelling behaviour of polymers can be obtained [7].
The significant differences of the polymers according to the fibre structure and composition become clearly visible.
Due to the fact that the exact composition of the commercial surfactant mixture nor the exact structure of the surfactant is known, interpretation of the results is difficult.
Without knowing the exact surfactant structure and composition of the commercially available surfactant mixtures, a distinction between those possibilities can hardly be made.