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In actual assembly process, the assembly property not only depends on the shape and the size of the parts, but also closely associated with the tolerance and the assembly deformation of the parts and the tooling.
Assembly simulation based on physical deformation reconstruction model not only fully considers the resources and environment factors such as the fixtures, tools, ancillary equipment, and personnel movement information, using the products and resources to simulate the process according to the actual assembly process, but also the structural deformation of products in the assembly process, which more truly reflects the assembly process and optimizes the product design and assembly process by optimizing the path.
The simulation results of the assembly process based on the physical deformation reconstruction model is shown in Fig.5, the assembly deformation of the fuselage sidewall panels by the factors of gravity and temperature caused the interference and collision.
In the production process, there must exists the influence of such factors as temperature and gravity, so that the item is deformed, and thus there is a deviation between the theoretical geometric models, so the assembly process simulation based on physical deformation reconstruction model is more in line with the actual production conditions and more practical guiding significance to the assembly process design, further optimize the assembly sequence and assembly path, improve the product assembling, shorten the product development cycle.
[6] Yuan Li, Tao Zhang, Jian-Feng Yu Wei-ping He: Mechanical Science and Technology, Vol.3(2000), p.503-504

Traceability Arrangement In industrial metrology, the traceability is a new and critical property of measurements that precisely defines the link between a measurement result and the relevant unit [3].
Calibration Overview Since 3D CMM is a multifunctional device, its calibration becomes a difficult task due to multiple factors in use and many errors caused by the versatility of 3D CMM equipment.
Probability contributor factors of 3D CMM that need to be considered during the calibration process are showed in Fig. 3. 3D CMM Contributors Sensor System 3D CMM Geometry Measurement Object Software & Calculations Measurement Strategy Environment Measurement Uncertainty Fig 3.
For example, the uncertainty factors used to locate the center coordinates of a hole are different from the factors that contribute in the measurement of the diameter of the hole, even though they are both derived from the same reference points.
Based on Fig. 3, the sources of uncertainties that can affect the measurement results are as follows.

Gray iron, a widely used engineering material, is favored for its desirable properties such as good damping capacity, thermal conductivity, and corrosion resistance.
The presence of graphite flake in the microstructure provides several desirable properties such as good damping capacity and thermal conductivity [1-2].
This affects the durability and functionality (thermal and surface) of gray irons.
Additionally, dendritic structures, identified as type-D graphite and typically undesirable for mechanical properties, were observed at 2.89% carbon and 4.56% silicon.
For cast iron cookwares, where heat resistance is more critical than mechanical properties, the presence of type-D graphite may be tolerable.

In order to reduce the component mass and at the same time improve/maintain the structural-mechanical properties of the component, a helix-shaped fin will be formed on the inside of the piston pin.
This paper presents the force measurements of all forming tests whereby the pressed part properties are depicted representatively for the strain 0.375 at two different helix angles (35°, 50°) and under various tribological conditions.
The adaptation factor in QForm® affects the meshing of the simulation objects.
Here the adaptation factor of the workpiece was set to 1.2 and that of the tools to 1.0.
· The surface pretreatment influences the pressed part properties differently depending on the used lubricant, but only marginally.

Three-point bending tests and optical measurement technologies are used to characterize the failure behavior and mechanical properties of the produced hybrid beams.
The mechanical properties of injection molded FRPs are limited because considerable fiber damage occurs in the manufacturing process.
The mechanical properties of the metal belt and core structure materials are presented in Table 1.
Bending properties.
A hybrid beam without process-related defects, in contrast, failed as planned due to cracking of the lower metal belt and exhibited high mechanical properties.

A series of experiments was subsequently carried out on the apparatus to investigate how the surface roughness of the workpieces, the welding time, and the normal welding pressure affect the actual welding area and the tensile strength of the welded workpieces.
Introduction In recent years, as the demand for small and light mechanical products has increased more and more in various industries, thermoplastic polymer materials have been extensively used to replace metallic materials due to their excellent properties such as high mechanical strength, light weight, and high corrosion resistance.
(a) (b) Fig. 3 Illustration (a) and photograph (b) of the constructed experimental apparatus (a) Sheet (b) Left workpiece (c) Right workpiece Fig.4 Dimensions of the sheet and workpieces In order to validate the proposed method and examine the performance of the constructed apparatus, a series of experiments was carried out to investigate how the surface roughness of the workpiece welding face, the workpiece protrusion length, the welding time, and the normal force affect the welding area and the mechanical strength of the joined plastic workpiece.
This means that the welding (ultrasonic vibration) time is quite an important factor and the value of T=2 s is too long to obtain a temperature over the melting point of the plastic materials in the current conditions.
A series of experiments was subsequently carried out on the apparatus to investigate how the work-surface roughness, the welding time, and the normal welding pressure affect the actual welding area and the tensile strength of the welded workpieces.

The levels of factors are chosen according to the literature [9].
The sign of coefficient present the related factors influence the response.
According to the experimentally obtained results, it is understood that the 3 factors are affect to tool life of the cutting tool and MQL minimum.
It's shown the inverse relation between 2 factors as the feed rate (feed) and the cutting speed (speed).
Journal of mechanical engineering 6 (2009) : 85-102

It is characterized by extremely good physical properties, particularly strength and durability [1].
The properties that can be achieved include the compressive and flexural strengths, crack-resisting capability, and durability.
Also, RPC has verylow porosity andexhibits durability and transport properties, making RPC potentially a suitable material for the storage of nuclear waste.
In general, there are two major factors, which cause corrosion of reinforcement in concrete to proceed to an unacceptable degree.
Hooton and Andrade[5, 6] indicated that the higher electrical potential (60 V) applied in RCPT generated the heat which may affect the flow speed.

The electrical property of multicrystalline silicon is mainly affected by several factors such as impurity concentration, grain size, crystal boundary, defect and so on.
The compensation effect of donor and acceptor impurities co-doping determines the electrical properties of directionally solidified multicrystalline silicon ingots[6].
Since the impurity concentration in silicon feedstock is relatively high, which increases the difficulty of the research, there are few researches on the resistivity property of multicrystalline silicon prepared by metallurgical method.
The effect of impurity distribution on resistivity was also investigated to clarify the influencing factors of electrical properties of metallurgical silicon.
Tan, et al: submitted to Materials For Mechanical Engineering [10] J.F.

The heat created during WEDM process affects the workpiece surface and produces a recast layer and underlying heat affected zone.
Therefore, the machining parameters, including pulse-on time, pulse-off time, servo voltage, flushing pressure et cetera should be chosen properly according to workpiece properties in order to be able to obtain a minimum recast layer and surface roughness simultaneously.
The portion of the total variation observed in an experiment to each significant factor is reflected in the percent contribution.
This value indicates the relative power of a factor to reduce variation [12].
Underneath the reacast layer there is the heat-affected zone.