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A Study on the Fatigue Life Assessment for Urban EMU Structure Jong-Duk Chung1, a, Jang-Sik Pyun1,b and Ouk-Sub Lee2,c 1 Korea Railroad Research Institute, Gyeonggi-do, Korea 2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, Korea a jdchung@krri.re.kr, bjspyun@krri.re.kr, cleeos@inha.ac.kr Keywords: Fatigue Life, Cumulative Damage Approach, Endurance Limit, Electric Multiple Unit, Rain-Flow Cycle Counting, Fatigue Stress Limit.
However, it is considered to be a major factor of safety to predict the fatigue life for structures.
Among several areas of the operation of the subway system, the safety of subway vehicle itself is of important because the rolling stocks carry the passengers, and the safety and reliability of rolling stocks are directly affected for the safety of subway passengers[1~3].
The under frame is made of SS400 steel and material properties are shown in Table 2. 6��� 6��� 6���� 6���� 6�� 6���� 6��� 6���� 6��� 6���� 6��� 6���� 6��� 6���� 6��� 6��� 6��� 6��� 6���� 6���� 6�� 6���� 6��� 6���� 6��� 6���� 6��� 6���� 6��� 6���� 6��� 6��� Fig. 5.
Table 1 Test condition and data analysis program Test running distance 107.8km Weight condition of loaded car Empty car SG Location Restored train(SG 1~10), Newly-built train(SG 11~16) Sampling frequency 1,200Hz for 16 Channel Used programs nSoft E Ver. 5.3.1, FATIMA-SN Table 2 Material properties of SS400(unit : N/mm 2) Fatigue strength Material Yield strength Tensile strength Base material Grinding part after welding Welding part SS400 235 400 135 110 70 Test Result and Discussions Fig. 6 and Table 3 lists stresses measured at the sixteen stress concentration points under actual load.

Introduction Hard surfacing build-up is a method to deposit special material (metallic, ceramic or metallic-ceramic mixture) on a metallic part, using various welding processes, in order to change some superficial properties and/or dimensions.
The properties usually desired are greater resistance to abrasion wear, impact, adhesion (metal-to-metal), heat, corrosion or any combination of these factors.
This fact imposes to eliminate the heat affected area (HAZ) of ​​the substrate and to redesign the components as to continue the rehabilitation process for another three cycles of use.
Mehdi, Mechanical Properties of Bimetallic Weld Joint between SA 516 Grade 65 Carbon Steel and SS 304 L for Steam Generator Application, IJRET, Vol. 03, Issue: 07 (2014) p. 39-42
[4] Garleanu, D  ; Garleanu, G, Effect of Chemical Composition on Hard Deposits Properties in the Case of Weld Refurbishment of Heavy Crushing Hammers, Rev.Chim (Bucharest) 70, Issue: 2 (2019) p. 417-424

There are a variety of agronomic grafting methods; cut-joint method and insert-mating method are the most suitable methods for mechanical operation.
In addition, the fast motion of mechanical operation is also good at reducing water loss from the graft wound [3].
The straighter the stem is the more good to the success rate. (4) From figure9 we can see, cotyledon angle also affect the graft result.
The experiment errors are caused by the following factors: (a) the number of rootstock and scion is limited; (b) artificial measurement error; (c) error caused by data process method.
References [1] Y.C.Chiu, M.Y.Chang, G.J.Wu, C.C.Chen, Development of an automatic outward-feature properties measurement system for grafted tamato seedlings, Applied Engineering in Agriculture. 24(1): 101-113 [2] J.M.

Machining Technology of Ultrasonic Assisted Grinding for a Silicon Carbide Wafer Carrier Chia-Jen Ting1, a, Chi-Feng Chen2, b, Ta-Hsin Chou1,c*, Tsung-Cho Wu1, and Tsung-Hsin Lin1 1 Mechanical and Systems Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Taiwan 310(R.O.C.) 2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Central University, Jhongl, Taiwan 32001(R.O.C.)
Introduction Silicon carbide (SiC) with several advantageous properties such as a high oxidation resistance, good thermal shock resistance, low coefficient of thermal expansion, high thermal and electrical conductivity, high hardness, and excellent wear resistance, is one of the advanced engineered ceramic materials.
The transducer converts high-frequency electrical oscillations to mechanical vibrations.
For the different diamond particle size and binding mode, it will affect the processing efficiency of the grinding wheel.
Four key machining factors are chosen: spindle rotation rate, UTH type, feed speed, and ultrasonic output power.

Summary of properties and availability of EFB fibers can be found elsewhere [23, 24, 25, 26].
It was concluded that this equation was too simple and a modification was necessary to be made by including the ratio between microcrystallite stack height to its stack width, ratio of activation time to maximum activation time, and also normalization factors in the equation.
Carbon aerogels as electrode material for electrical double layer supercapacitors—Synthesis and properties.
Physical and Electrochemical Properties of Supercapacitor Electrodes Derived from Carbon Nanotube and Biomass Carbon.
Electrical and mechanical properties of carbon pellets from acid (HNO3) treated self-adhesive carbon grain from oil palm empty fruit bunch.

Fig. 1 - Block the way excavation The mechanical way affects the frozen soil by percussion or vibration method and is done by conventional digging/earth-moving machines as well as by specially-equipped machinery.
Fig. 2 – Drilling machine Scope of drilling is multifaceted: prospecting and exploration of mineral resources; investigation of the rocks’ properties; production of liquid, gaseous and solid (leaching and melting) minerals through the production wells; blasting works; extraction of solid minerals; artificial consolidation of rocks (freezing, grouting, cementation, etc.); drainage of flooded mineral deposits and marshy areas; development mining; laying down underground pipelines: the construction of pile foundations, etc.
However the primary aim of this article is to analyze the core drilling processes in more detail as my research work is based on investigation of the drilling properties of a core drilling machine. 
To move from one scale to another, as well as from standard drilling conditions to non-standard, there are correction factors and the generalized classification of rocks by drillability. 
Varanitsa, Design, calculation and consumer properties of machines for excavation: ChSU (2007) 127p. 20.

Morphological, Structural and Chemical Analysis of Bioleached Kaolin by Bacillus Species Monisha Rajamohan1,a, Sylvia Chieng2,b*, Steven Lim3,5,c, Kok Keong Chong4,5,d and Seng How Kuan1,5,e* 1Department of Mechanical and Material Engineering, Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Bandar Sungai Long, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia 2Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia 3Department of Chemical Engineering, Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Bandar Sungai Long, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia 4Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Bandar Sungai Long, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia 5Centre for Advanced and Sustainable Materials Research (CASMR), Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman
The presence of Fe impurities on kaolin surface as Fe oxide or oxyhydroxide typically contaminates the kaolin, resulting in brownish, red color in the final product and affecting its commercial quality linked to its whiteness.
Typically Fe (III) impurities in kaolin diminish its whiteness and the refractory properties of kaolin products, thus the quality of kaolin is often judged based on its Fe content [2].
Farnaud, A comprehensive review of bioleaching optimization by statistical approaches: recycling mechanisms, factors affecting, challenges, and sustainability, RSC Advances. 13(34) (2023) 23570–23589

Recent investigations indicated that the nature of microstructure near the dendritic and grain boundaries is one of the most important factors to influence the creep properties of magnesium alloys [19].
The weakening of boundaries due to the segregation of solutes should therefore be taken seriously when considering the factors to influence the creep properties of magnesium alloys.
The grain size is one of the most important microstructural factors to influence the creep properties.
In Mg-Al alloys, the addition of Ca, Sr and RE raises the creep properties.
Price and castability are important factors to be considered when developing creep-resistant magnesium alloys.

The properties for the coated samples were studied using XRD, EDX, FT-IR, and SEM.
Introduction Calcium phosphates, specifically HAp (Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2), are of interest in bone-interfacing implant applications because of their demonstrated osteoconductive properties[1].
Hydroxyapatite is considered to be a bioactive material, and is used in the fabrication of medical and dental implants, usually in the form of a coating on a metallic substrate to compensate for its poor intrinsic mechanical properties.
The properties of the coated samples were studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
The surface morphology is considered to be one of the most important factors in the behavior of cells.

Finding appropriate coating materials which are biocompatible and improve electrical properties of MEAs are among the main challenges.
A new approach to this issue is using nanomaterials such as metallic nanoparticles [3], nanostructured conductive polymers [4], and carbon nanotubes that are characterized by excellent electrical, mechanical, and chemical properties for neural interfaces [5].
Electrical properties of the nanomaterials match with the charge transport requirements of cellular interfacing besides the chemical, and the mechanical properties of nanomaterials are critical for long-term implants.
Geometrical characteristics such as mechanical conformity of the electrodes in an array will affect the electrical properties and minimize tissues damage during insertion.
The next step will be coating 3D MEAs with different materials to improve electrical properties and biocompatibility of these electrodes.