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In order to exhibit good protective properties, the scale should be slow-growing, very stable, continuous, and adherent [1].
All of these factors are interdependent and need to be understood for accurate lifetime prediction of oxidation resistance. 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 X 617 45TM 214 601 800 HR-160 800HT D-205 Weight Change (mg/cm 2 ) Oxidation Cycles Fig. 1.
The commercial chromia-forming alloys usually contain minor elements, such as Mn, Si, Al, and Ti for the purpose of metallurgical stability and improved mechanical properties [17].
Although manganese has little influence on the structure and properties of Fe-Ni-Cr alloys, it can influence scaling behavior by reacting with the Cr2O3 to form MnCr2O4 spinel at the scale surface.
Variation in major alloying elements can also result in significantly different subsurface chromium depletion behavior, thus ultimately affecting cyclic oxidation behavior.

Therefore, buckles as well as sharp precipitates may disrupt the refractory element outward flows and favor an asymmetrical front of diffusion, which in turn may strongly modify the bulk mechanical properties of the coating, see also [6].
In our case, despite the associated volumetric change has not been clearly identified as a contributing factor to surface rumpling, the phase transformation reactions (L10 � B2 à L12) seem to affect the thermal stability of the coating.
On the contrary, as the martensitic transformation had not been observed on isothermally oxidized specimens, the likely effect to originate surface rumpling seems to come mainly from the additive layer properties.
Indeed, the Cr segregation at the grainboundary is known to improve the creep properties of the grain of the coating by local chemical changes.
In contrast, upon isothermal exposure the influence of α-Cr segregation as well as oxide pegs on the creep properties of both the aluminide coatings and the TGO leads to a more even and less rough surface.

Garcia 3,f 1 Fluminense Federal University, Department of Mechanical Engineering.
Fine dendritic microstructures in castings, characterized by the dendrite arm spacing are recognized to yield superior mechanical properties if compared to coarser ones.
Much research has been devoted to the definition of the factors affecting the fineness of the dendritic structure.
The thermophysical properties of this alloy were determined by the ThermoCalc software, with the exception of thermal conductivities [17].
Thermophysical properties of the Al-6wt%Cu-1wt%Si alloy used in the numerical simulation Properties Units Al-6wt%Cu-1wt%Si Liquidus temperature - TL °C 638 Initial Eutectic Temperature TEI oC 530.2 Final Eutectic Temperature - TEE °C 527.6 Silicon Transformation Temperature - TSi °C 513.2 Fusion temperature - TF °C 660 Thermal conductivity (solid) - kS W.m -1.K-1 180 Thermal conductivity (liquid) - kL W.m -1.K-1 87.9 Density (solid) - ρS kg.m-3 2713.4 Density (liquid) - ρL kg.m-3 2529.5 Specific heat (solid) - cS J.kg -1.K-1 1063 Specific heat (Liquid) - cL J.kg -1.K-1 1125 Latent heat of fusion - ∆H1 at 638 ≤ T < 530.25 oC J.kg -1 289600 Latent heat of fusion - ∆H2 at 530.25 ≤ T < 527.54 oC J.kg -1 15800 Latent heat of fusion - ∆Heut at T = 527.55 oC J.kg -1 57200 Liquidus slope - Cu Lm °C.

Because of this, it is usually applied in long-term static test of large bridge health monitoring, while not suitable for short-term detection or other applications which need to measure dynamic strain signals. [1] 2) Fiber bragg grating strain sensor possesses the following advantages: ①Immunity from electromagnetic interference (the frequency of common electromagnetic radiation is much lower than that of optical carrier, hence the optical signal transmitted in optical fiber is immune to electromagnetic interference); ②Good electrical insulating performance (safe and reliable, suitable for the application in oil, gas and chemical production which are inflammable and explosive); ③Corrosion resistance and stable chemical properties (suitable to harsh environment); ④Small size, light weight and plastic geometrical shape .[2] However, the price of fiber bragg grating strain sensor is high, especially that of modulator-demodulator.
But due to its poor durability, strain gauges are easy to fall off affected by temperature.
Epoxy resin glue is adopted in this sensor, since it possesses the advantages of quick solidification, strong adhesion, low shrinkage, excellent insulation, good mechanical properties and stable chemical properties.
Signal shielding is a significant factor affecting the sensor’s precision.

Polyurethanes are also non-toxic and crosslinking offers resistance to biological fluids so that mechanical properties are maintained.
Major factors affecting the thermal stability of polymers are: (1) Linkage isomerism [21] (2) Ring substitutions [22] (3) Linking groups [23] (4) Heterocyclic moieties [24] Metal-containing Polyurethanes Polyurethanes constitute one of the most complete and versatile polymeric materials exhibiting excellent mechanical and physical properties in spite of a major drawback in their poor heat resistance and acceptable mechanical properties (strength, moduli etc.) vanish at about 80-90 °C, while thermal degradation occurs above 250 °C [25].
Some of these compounds have mechanical properties similar to commercial liquid crystalline polymers.
Kevlar is mainly used for applications, where high mechanical performance and light weight properties are essential.
Magnetic, electrical, catalytic or non-linear optical properties, ionic transport, redox reversible properties, photoeffects and other physical properties need to be explored in these systems in which the polymeric structure affords an important property: processability.

Mechanical properties and surface roughness were studied and the scaffolds displayed a Young’s Modulus of 169 MP and an average roughness of 72 nm respectively.
To determine the mechanical properties of the CGA-AMP-Collagen-AGG scaffold, we utilized peak force microscopy using AFM.
For example, oral biofilm formation has been found to be a challenge affecting the RANKL-OPG system in periodontal ligaments [109].
Carter, Mechanical properties of the human achilles tendon, Clin.
Vanderby, Quantification of collagen organization and extracellular matrix factors within the healing ligament.

The so-called bond is the main factor governing crack propagation, crack width, tension stiffening, and other effects.
Although the bond mechanisms were investigated thoroughly for some time, different results obtained by independent scientists suggest that some properties must be investigated and quantified since the fundamental nature of the bonding phenomenon is very complex [1,2].
It is known that the contact area between concrete and reinforcement is subjected to various mechanical effects, including microcrack formation, local bearing, and shearing of concrete in the face of reinforcement ribs.
This also affects the formation of cracks since the transfer length of bond stresses increases.
In this approach, rib geometry is the main factor governing the callibration of FE analysis output..

Therefore improving the operation ability of operational personnel in substation is the influence of the factors which influent the safe and reliable operation of power system.
In the transformer substation simulation based on component software development technology, all sorts of second equipment in accordance with their respective physical properties of the generation of their virtual equipment respectively, and by using the component technology, created virtual equipment will be packed into equipment simulation component to make software has good open and easy extensibility.
It introduced appraisal factor and geographical factor to describe the circumstances, the two factors is estimated function F (N) of parameters.
G(i):The geographical factors, used to reflect far and near of the geographical location.
So through the F(N) calculation, got an optimal path reasoning, it carries the constraints of the comprehensive consideration of the rules, appraisal factor and geographical factors, is a kind of very effective optimal ask award algorithm.

The problem of concrete cracks is one key difficulty for concrete construction, because concrete cracking affects not only the overall aspect but also the service period adaptability, and can even damage the structural safety degree.
Many factors are taken into account during the structural thermal control including construction schedule, concrete properties, temperature measurement, construction climatic conditions etc [5].
As many construction conditions including construction schedule, concrete properties etc, are changed, these factors will have an effect on the thermal control.
Multi-point temperature survey unit sends thermal data to control center after the acquisition of thermal data, then control center inverses the concrete thermal and mechanical parameters on basis of received thermal data.
If the comparison is less than safety factor, then it continues executing from beginning step again until computing reaches ending day to terminate the whole work.

The method is validated against a variety of fuel properties and across engine conditions.
With the direct relation between the spark advance and knock; knock is a limitation that affect the ignition timing [1].
Temperature sensing techniques are simple, economical, suitable, and not affected by engine noise [7].
Consideration the factors that caused surface ignition during engine design process with using high quality lubricant and fuel can reduced engine tendency to surface ignition [8].
This prediction takes into account the cylinder's geometry, spark-timing, air motion, and fuel properties.