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This results in considerable reduction of amount of segregation.
Hence any reduction in the quantity of formwork is reflected in economy.
The only way is to formulate an empirical equation from the data obtained of experimental procedure or from field data or to formulate a theoretical model using the mechanical as well as rheological properties of SCC.

Separate research carried out by Lee et al. [13] showed significant reduction in the weld hardness due to the evolution of bigger grain size in the weld zone of FSW AZ31 alloy.
In Section 3, the data of temperature filed, microstructure and mechanical performance of welded joint in three dimensions are presented.
The average tensile data showed a joint efficiency of about 75.8% respect to the UTS (234Mpa).It can be seen that the FSW process led to a 25% decrease of the tensile strength, and also to a reduction of the elongation to failure.

While performing such experiments we have observed changes in the resulting lifetime spectra that depend on the initial positron beam density and, combined with information about the properties of the materials irradiated, we interpret these data as being due to the formation of Ps2.
In fact the reduction in the quenching signal was identical to the reduction of the population of the positronium surface state caused by thermal desorption, indicating that the quenching was a surface process.
Although these experiments could be in principle be performed using the beam as it is now, the higher density beam will significantly improve the quality of the data and help to avoid problems with sample surface contamination that occur when long run times are needed [11].

It should be note that, as there is essentially no cross-section reduction, the fracture of these rods/tubes looks brittle.
The data are plotted in Fig. 15.
Here, the only data that can be used to assess the mechanical behavior of the target rods are the tensile test results of some specimens of Zircaloy 2 irradiated in STIP-2 (the 2nd experiment of the SINQ Target Irradiation Program [5]) or Target-4.
A STIP-2 specimen which was annealed at 800°C for 1 hour did not show any reduction of hardness.

It is found that approaches proposed by Veletsos and Bielak to predict the flexible-base period can reliably predict the effect of inertial interaction but are limited to single degree of freedom oscillators on the basis of data recorded on 57 building covering a wide range of structural and geotechnical conditions [5].
Consequently, by using a large number of recorded data obtained from earthquake, FEMA450 provides an approximate method that can be used to estimate the period, with minimal information available on the design [8].
And National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (U.
And National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (U.

Although much engineering data on 17-4 PH stainless steel are available and investigations on microstructures and mechanical properties of this alloy, heat treated to different conditions, have been reported in the literature.
It is respected that reduction rate of δ-ferrite saturated as homogenizing time is longer.
However, on the whole, the range of data fluctuation was small.
Time (hr) As-received δ-ferrite v.f. (%) After heat treatment δ- ferrite v.f. (%) Reduction rate (%) 0.5 17.8 11.4 35.9 1 16.4 5.6 65.8 3 19.5 4.2 78.5 5 18.0 2.47 86.3 0 1 2 3 4 5 1000 1100 1200 1300 0.2% Yield Strength Tensile Strength Elongation Time (hours) Strength (MPa) 6 8 10 12 Elongation (%) 0 1 2 3 4 5 0 5 10 15 20 Impact Energy Hardness Time Impact Energy �J/cm2 � 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Hardness (HRC) (a) (b) Fig. 2.

Therefore, a reduction of material usage for substrates is highly desirable to reduce device costs.
During the epitaxial growth process, in-situ data of temperature profiles and wafer curvature was recorded.
The data were further processed with a second order flattening and Rq value extraction.
For example, we observe the propagation of almost all TSDs into the epitaxial layer with the expected small reduction of TSD density after epitaxy [7] (see Figure 3).

The reduction content of spinel [(Ni,Cr)2(Cr,Al)2O4], chromium oxide and nickel oxide (NiO) in TGO can be achieved after thermal exposure.
The weight gain data of five specimens varies gradually during the initial 0-5 h stage of isothermal oxidation, subsequently all of them change dramatically and in consistent with the sharp increase of the TGO growth rate during the 5-15 h stage of isothermal oxidation.
However, the weight gain curve of VHT 1000 specimen presents a flat trend among all the specimens during the 150-275 h stage of isothermal oxidation, and a relatively larger weight gain data at the 75-200 h stage of isothermal oxidation can be attributed to the formation and growth of (Al, Cr)2O3 oxide at the BC/TGO interface.
Meanwhile, the R2 peak shift of both VHT 1000 and N-VHT specimens show a reduction trend during the 50-100 stage of isothermal oxidation, this is probably due to certain mechanism stress relaxation.

Load and displacement data obtained from the data logger software were then used to calculate the respective maximum shear strengths using Eq. 1 in which R, t, P and τ represent punch radius, thickness of the sample, maximum shear force exerted and ultimate shear strength.
The results summarized in Table 3 recorded a reduction of the average grain size from 123.1 μm in the BM to about 5.0 to 6.2 μm in the SZ, regardless of the different process parameters used to conduct FSP.
Sample Average grain size [μm] Average Vickers Hardness [HV] Ultimate Shear Strength [MPa] Base Metal 123.1 ± 28.6 69.9 ± 4.2 123.9 ± 5.7 SZ of Experiment 1 5.7 ± 0.5 86.7 ± 2.0 143.0 ± 5.4 SZ of Experiment 2 5.0 ± 0.3 86.4 ± 2.0 143.5 ± 3.8 SZ of Experiment 3 6.2 ± 0.2 81.4 ± 1.2 140.6 ± 3.6 According to the Hall-Petch relationship, grain size reduction can improve the mechanical properties of a material via grain boundary strengthening.

The result of hydrogen charging is embrittlement and reduction of metal plasticity [9, 10].
Hydrogen charging leads to reduction of the length of the flow site, sections of uniform and localized deformation.
Which is good, considering the eight-hour working day of the laboratory and allows to obtain the necessary data for the study of the process of hydrogen charging by electrochemical method more effective.
The kinetics of hydrogen charging, according to literary data [1-11] and own tests, depending on the current density, duration of charging, material, used equipment and modes.