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Inadequate weld bead dimensions will contribute to failure of the welded structure [1].
Principles of Welding Processes, Physics, Chemistry and Metallurgy, Wiley, VCH Verlag Gmbh and Co.

In finite rate chemistry model, different particles are assessed on their reaction rates with an assumption that there is no interaction between chemistry and turbulent, (ANZYS 2009).
In Eddy Dissipation Concept (EDC) model, very fine structures result at very small levels during chemistry reactions.
Those structures that have not broken down to finer structures remain inert and are only utilized once they break down [46, 47]. 2.1.
[46] Mardani A., “Optimization of the eddy dissipation concept (EDC) model for turbulence-chemistry interactions under hot diluted combustion of CH4/H2.

The XRD pattern for copper matched with the cubic structure (JCPDS: 00-003-1005) and XRD pattern for aluminium oxide powder matched with the Rhombohedral structure (JCPDS: 00-043-1484).
The amorphous structure may be related to the carbon content of the Cr coating.
The incorporation of Al2O3 particles does not affect the crystal structure of the chromium matrix.
The Cr coating exhibits a nodular structure with compact and uniform growth grains of chromium matrix as shown in Fig. 3 (a).
The Cr-Al2O3 nanocomposite coatings are cracks-free due to the incorporation of alumina with chromium matrix refined the grain structure.

The influence of hydrothermal crystallization temperature and hydrothermal crystallization time on crystal structure, morphology and grain size has been investigated.
The morphology and structure of zirconia powder were further investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM, JEM2010).
It shows that hydrothermal reaction 1h is too short to obtain crystallite structure.Pure tetragonal phase peaks appears when hydrothermal time increases to 2h.
Conclusions An integrated process of high-gravity field and hydrothermal crystallization for preparation of nano-structured t-ZrO2 has been developed.
Hakuta:Journal of Solid State Chemistry, Vol.182 (2009) ,p.2985–2990 [12]A.

Heterogeneous preparation of cellulose/Ag/polyaniline conductive composite and its electrical property Zhongli Zhao1, a, Zunli Mo2,b , Zhongyu Chen3,c 1 College of technology and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China 2 College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China 3 High school attached to Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China azhaozl_521@163.com, bmozl521@163.com, cczyfxhx@163.com Keywords: Cellulose, Polyaniline, Heterogeneous, Conductivity Abstract.
The structure gives cellulose many peculiar properties, such as chemical stability, mechanical strength, biocompatibility and biodegradation [4].
The disadvantage of the structure is the extreme difficulty to dissolve cellulose in water and most common organic solvents.
The peaks around 1570 and 1485 cm-1 resulted from stretching vibration of N=A=N and N-B-N structures, respectively (where =A=, -B- stand for quinoid and benzenoid moieties in the PANI chains).

The main aim of this work is the in-depth description of the interaction between slag and metallic phase with the focus on the slag structure which varies with temperature and chemical composition, i.e. taking into account speciation.
NBO) is the most outer atom of slag ionic structure and would likely to be the atom exposed at the surface acting as the surface adsorption sites.
This approach gives a better description of the chemistry of the slag and shows that the local composition of the slag at the interface is a key parameter for the reaction kinetics occurring at the metal/oxide interface.
Nevertheless, it was shown that ionic nature of molten oxide structure and differentiation of oxygen ions might lead to the big differences in the prediction of partitioning of elements.

Ligands 1,2 were prepared and tested, and the results are shown in Table 1. 1 2 Fig.1 The structure of PNRNP ligands Table 1 Results of Ethylene Tetramerization Entry Liand T (℃) P (Mpa) Al/Cr a Time (min) Cocat Solvent Cat:ligand Activity b 1-C8=c (wt%) 1 1 70 3.0 350 30 MAO toluene 1:2 2.38 70.30 2 1 70 4.0 350 30 MAO toluene 1:2 3.85 72.50 3 1 30 3.0 700 30 MAO toluene 1:2 2.58 77.21 4 1 30 3.0 350 30 MAO toluene 1:2 2.02 68.21 5 1 30 3.0 350 30 TEA toluene 1:2 2.80 3.58 6 1 30 3.0 350 30 AlEt2Cl toluene 1:2 3.10 1.72 7 1 30 3.0 350 30 MAO cyclohexane 1:2 3.84 68.22 8 1 30 3.0 350 30 MAO xylene 1:2 3.18 41.34 9 1 30 3.0 350 30 MAO toluene 2:1 3.80 51.25 10 2 70 3.0 350 30 MAO toluene 1:2 2.80 78.28 11 2 90 3.0 350 30 MAO toluene 1:2 3.16 74.20 12 2 50 3.0 350 60 MAO toluene 1:2 2.80 78.50 13 2 50 3.0 350 120 MAO toluene 1:2 1.08 76.25 14 2 50 3.0 350 30 MAO toluene 1:2 3.91 81.43 15 2 50 3.0 175 30 MAO cyclohexane 1:2 3.80 84.25 16 2 50
R=Cyclopropyl Fig.2 The structure of diphoshinoamine ligands Table 2 Influence of temperature on activities and product selectivity of oligomers θ /℃ Activity/106g/ (mol.h) s(C6) / % s(C8) / % s(C6+C8) / % 30 3.25 15.2 65.3 80.5 40 3.83 11.0 73.2 84.2 50 3.02 16.2 69.1 85.3 60 2.03 22.4 64.5 86.9 70 1.40 20.0 54.7 74.7 Reaction conditions: p=3.0MPa; n(Al)/n(Cr)=300; 20mmol/l of catalyst Table 2 shows the effects of the reaction temperature to catalyst activity and product selectivity.
Conclusions The catalytic activity and selectivity of 1-octene are also influenced by the structure of ligand.
Progress in chemistry[J]. 2006, 18(1): 51 [3] Yang Y, Kim H, Lee J, Paik H, et al.

Hydraulic Control System Design for XYZM Plate-and-frame Filter Press Lan-xiang HOU 1, a, Feng-gang LI 2,b, Cai-xia JU 2,c, Wei XU 1, d 1 School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang 277160, China; 2 School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang 277160, China ahhhlx1234@163.com, b lfgang2005@163.com, c jucaixia2004@163.com , d xuwei680915@126.com Keywords: plate-and-frame filter press; hydraulic control system; liquid-solid separation Abstract: This paper introduces the working principle of XYZM Plate-and-frame Filter Press, illustrates the working process of the hydraulic control system by combining circuit and hydraulic principle diagram, and then gives out the checking analysis and the failure analysis on the hydraulic system.
Based on the analysis of the physical structure and the working principle of filter press, the running process of filter press can be divided into eight steps, including: closing, extrusion, feeding, filtering, diaphragm feeding, pipe purging, pressure releasing, opening and unloading.
At present, the filter press usually adopts a single motor or purely mechanical structure, but our design use hydraulic drive.
The compact hydraulic system structure makes operation easy, which is worth learning.

Since heterogeneous catalysts have got porous structure and the reactants should diffuse into the pores of the catalyst to have sufficient reaction rate the diffusion process play an important role in the performance of the catalyst.
Reaction rates and selectivity in porous catalyst pellets are strongly influenced by rate limitations associated with diffusion of reactants between the surface of the pellet and active sites deep within the porous structure.
Abreu C.A.M, The sensitivity of catalyst effectiveness factor to pore size Distribution, Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering, 14[3] (1997) [2] Derjani-Bayeh S., Rodgers  V.G.J., Sieving variations due to the choice in pore size distribution model, Journal of Membrane Science, 209 (2002) [3] Szczygieł J., Enhancement of reforming efficiency by optimising the porous structure of reforming catalyst: Theoretical considerations, Fuel, 85 (2006) 10-11 [4] Heun Kim D., Lee J., A Simple Formula for Estimation of the Effectiveness Factor in Porous Catalysts, AICHE Journal, 52 (2006) 10 [5] Hoyos B., Guillermo Cadavid J., and Rangel H., Formulation and numeric calculation of non-isothermal effectiveness factor for finite cylindrical catalysts with bi-dimensional diffusion, Lat.
H., Predicting effectiveness factor for M-order and Langmuir rate, ACS Division of Fuel Chemistry, 44 (1999) 4

The chemical structure of Ruthenium Black dye is shown in Fig. 2.
Chemical Structure of Ruthenium Black dye The absorbance of Ruthenium black dye is found to be high throughout the visible spectrum with a peak absorbance at around 620 nm and a huge peak in ultraviolet region.
The structure of TiO2 nanoparticles is found to be square–bipyramidal, pseudocubic and stablike.
Brooks, Long term stability of dye solar cells - influence of dye chemistry, The Abdus Salam International center for Theoretical Physics, (1938) 14