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The structure in one-dimensional nanotubes has the characteristics of high electric conductivity and electron transport, and it is suitable to be used as nano and micro electrode materials [3].
The transmission electron microscope (TEM, JEOL JEL 2010) illustrates the accurate structures of nanometal and composite electrodes.
The electrode structure was Ni/Ti/Si system.
Electroanalytical Chemistry, 577, 93 (2005)

In this work, we present a novel structure of nanocomposite based on CNA, where most of single CNTs thoroughly cross through the whole composite.
(b) The side view of an cleaved sample, which indicated the alignment structure was maintained and the tight joint between CNT and aluminum improve the thermal conducting capacity of these composites, we evaporated a 1-µm-thick aluminum film on the top of raw CNA.
Experiment Raw CNA were fabricated on silicon substrate by chemistry vapor deposition method in our laboratory as described elsewhere.
The origin structure of CNA was maintained due to the constant volume of PDMS during the curing.

The intercalated structure consists of a regular insertion of the polymer between the clay layers, forming a highly ordered arrangement.
In exfoliated structures, the clay layers are totally and randomly dispersed within the polymer matrix.
Deviations from Fickian behavior in polymers at temperatures below Tg are generally considered to appear as a consequence of the finite rates by which changes in the polymer structure occur in response to stresses imposed upon the medium before and during the sorption-diffusion process [12].
Rogers: Physics and Chemistry of the Organic Solid State (Interscience Publisher , New York 1966).

Surface Changes after Silver Formation on a Precoated Surface with Polyaniline for Textile Metallization Yaping ZHAO1, a, Zaisheng CAI2, b and Xiaolan FU2, c 1Key Laboratory of Science & Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China 2College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering & Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China azhaoyping@dhu.edu.cn, bzshcai@dhu.edu.cn, cfu123lan@126.com Keywords: Silver ;Polyaniline ;Intermediate layers; Textile metallization Abstract.
A peak at 1617 cm-1 corresponding to the stretching doped C=N of the quinoid（） in the spectrum of PET/PANI had a red shift after sensitization and activation steps, and overlapped with the peak at 1579 cm-1 in the case of the activated samples, which implied that the N atom in the structure of C=N supplied a pair of lone pairs to Ag+ ion to form complexes. 3.3 Morphological analysis The morphologies of PANI-coated fabrics without and with Ag were studied by scanning electron microscope (SEM).
It was assumed that Ag seeds may be initiated and generated at the substrate/polymer interface by diffusion of the metal ions through the porous structure of the polymer layer, and temperature had great influence on the surface quality of PET/PANI-Ag samples formed [14].
ATR-FTIR analysis implied the adsorption sites of Ag+ ion mainly located at N atom in the structures of –NH– and C=N.

One-year sulfate attack on various types of fine grained concrete Martin Vyšvařil1, a * and Markéta Rovnaníková1, b 1 Brno University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Institute of Chemistry, Žižkova 17, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic avysvaril.m@fce.vutbr.cz, bchroma.m@fce.vutbr.cz Keywords: sulfates, pH, ettringite, gypsum, concrete, strength Abstract.
Introduction Sulfate attack is one of the most aggressive environmental deteriorations that affect the long-term durability of concrete structures and can cause huge economic loss.
Fig. 1 PC samples after 1 year Fig. 2 Comparison of the internal structure of samples after in corrosive solutions. 1 year in applied corrosive solutions.
Acknowledgements This work was financially supported by the Czech Science Foundation (project No. 13-22899P) in the scope of activity of regional research centre AdMaS (Advanced Materials, Structures and Technologies).

The reason of fabricating such nanoparticles from clay minerals is because of their unique layered structure and cationic exchangeable capacity (CEC).
Due to the complex character of these surfactant components and structures, simplified models like that developed in this paper are very helpful.
Since the organoclay is a simple layered structure, the volume occupied by the organic surfactant and by the MMT platelets are related to the d-spacings and densities of the two layers as follows volume of organic volume of MMT       = d − do do = ∆d do = mass of organic mass of MMT       ρMMT ρorg (1) where MMTρ is the density of the MMT platelets (i.e. 2.83 g/cm3) [13].
An Introduction to Clay Colloid Chemistry.

Synthesis of a Novel Double Crosslinking Amphoteric Cassava Starch Huqiang Lv1,a, Heping Li1,b*, Guowei Bai1, c, Hui Ou1, d, Yongzhe Yang1 and Yao Zhang1 1Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Nonferrous Metals and Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, Guangxi, 541004, China alhq19860509@163.com, *blhpp2008@163.com, cbaiguowei0911@163.com, douhui33@126.com Keywords: Amphoteric cassava ctarch, Double crosslinking, Synthesis, Characterization.
The reason is that the modification of native cassava starch was damaged not only the structure of granular and spherulite of native cassava starch but also the crystalline phase of sphaerocrystal, which makes the crystal area of starch smaller even disappeared.
The structures of native cassava starch were damaged and changed greatly.
The network structure of the novel double crosslinking amphoteric cassava starch was caused by higher degree of crosslinking in inside and exterior, which provided better effect in sewage treatment and the larger market potential to the novel double crosslinking amphoteric cassava starch.

., 30-059 Krakow, Poland 2Military Technical Academy, Division of New Technology and Chemistry, gen.
Ferrite is precipitated along grain boundaries of the former austenite in Widmannstätten structure.
However, after cooling at the rates in the range of 10 °C/s to 1 °C/s the microstructure of tested steel is consisting mainly of pearlite and ferrite, which sometimes forms Widmannstätten structure again.
It can be seen that the steel containing up to 1% of Ni is particularly prone to precipitation of ferrite in Widmannstätten structure.

The Spectroscopic Analysis of Pandanus' Tristearin Mohd Sharil AHMAD1, Ummu Amirah ARMAYNI1,a, Nuruljannah MD YUSOF1, Hannis Fadzillah MOHSIN1 and Ibtisam ABDUL WAHAB1,b 1Department of Pharmacology & Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA Selangor, Kampus Puncak Alam, 42300 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia aamirahummu@yahoo.com, bibtisam@puncakalam.uitm.edu.my Keywords: Pandanus, Spectroscopy, Tristearin Abstract.
Fig. 1 The chemical structure of the natural carotenoids from Pandanus conoideus Fig. 2 The chemical structure of the natural fatty acids from Pandanus conoideus Regrettably, some of these Pandanus species are largely ignored in the modern medicinal area.
Table 1 The details of 1H and 13C NMR spectral data of compound A C δC (ppm) DEPT 1H (multiplicity) 1 14.09 CH3 0.91, t 2-11 22.67,31.91,29.69, 29.65, 29.47, 29.35, 29.26 (d), 29.12 (d) CH2 long chain 1.28, bs 12-16 24.87 CH2 1.57, bs 17 34.22, 34.06 O=C-CH2 2.34, dt 18 173.28 C=O - 62.11 Hα of glycerol, CH2 4.16, dd 62.11 Hα of glycerol, CH2 4.31, dd 68.91 Hβ of glycerol, CH 5.29, m bs = broad singlet, dd = doublet of doublet, dt = doublet of triplet, t = triplet, m = multiplet Fig. 5 HMQC spectrum of compound A (glycerol unit proton-carbon pair) (a) (b) Fig. 6 The chemical structure of (a) tristearin and (b) stearic acid Summary In conclusion, the hexanoic sample of Pandanus pygmaues for this study, consists of a fatty acid derivative.

Using L-LA as Starting Material Zhaoyang Wang*a, Chaoxu Mao b, Yufen Luoc, Shihe Luod and Junmin Nane School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China awangwangzhaoyang@tom.com, bmaochaoxu123@126.com, cluoyufen_163@163.com, dpinky_r@163.com, ejmnan@scnu.edu.cn Keywords: Biodegradable material, Star-shaped Poly(lactic acid) (SPLA), L-lactic acid (L-LA), Direct Melt Polycondensation, Synthesis, Characterization.
Results and Discussion Structure Characterization of SPLA.
The structure characterization of SPLA with different molar feed ratios is similar.
These characteristic absorptions show that the product has the expected structure.