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Online since: October 2014
Authors: Pavol Ďurica, Małgorzata Ulewicz, Jakub Jura, Marianna Šuštiaková
Windows, balcony doors and exterior doors Heat transfer coefficient U(max), [W/(m2·K] From 1 January 2014 From 1 January 2017 From 1 January 2021 Windows, balcony doors: ti ≥ 16oC ti ≤ 16oC 1.30 1.80 1.10 1.60 0.90 1.40 Roof windows: ti ≥ 16oC ti ≤ 16oC 1.50 1.80 1.30 1.60 1.10 1.40 Windows in interior walls: ti ≥ 8oC ti ≤ 8oC 1.50 1.50 1.30 1.30 1.10 1.10 Doors in external walls and walls between heated and unheated rooms: 1.70 1.50 1.30 ti – internal temperature Regulation [4] for the first time determines the maximum values of EPH + W for heating, ventilation and hot water preparation (Tab.3).
Maximum values of EPH + W for heating, ventilation and hot water preparation [4].
Type of building Maximum values of EPH + W for heating, ventilation and hot water preparation, [kWh / (m2 · year)] From 1 January 2014 From 1 January 2017 From 1 January 2021 Residential building: Single-family Multi-family 120 105 95 85 70 65 Collective residential building 95 85 75 Public building: Health Care Other 390 65 290 60 190 45 Farm building, warehouse, production building 110 90 70 Regulation also specifies how to calculate the maximum demand for cooling, and lighting.
Professional competence is divided into competence at the sites of energy consumption in the building (numbers in parentheses indicate the status of professionally qualified persons on the date 09.20.2013) [5]: thermal protection structures and buildings (202), heating and hot water preparing (125), ventilation and air conditioning (16), wiring and building mounted lighting (37).
Polish legislation has made the criteria for U values and the maximum energy needs for heating, ventilation and hot water preparation binding.
Online since: August 2013
Authors: Hong Yan Cui
Fourth, it is the unreasonable use of water resources.
Surface water resource is shortage in Baicheng city; the production and living water to a large extent rely on groundwater.
The Sandstorm impact on residents’ health Harm to human body for Sandstorm Sandstorms are known as particulate matter from professional angle, its harm to human body related to its size and shape.
Finally, from daily protection of residents during the sandstorm, most residents can take some effective measures such as reducing out, close the doors and windows, accounting for 28%; go out wearing gloves and scarfs, 27%; clean indoor dust, 21%; frequently hand-washing and drink more water, 23%; but, most residents take single protection mode and only a handful of people achieve all-round protection.
Secondly, we should drink more water which can timely replenish lost moisture, accelerate the metabolism of a variety of waste and toxins, and do well for skin care and body health.
Online since: October 2012
Authors: Yu Long Chen, Xiao Fei Jing, Zhi Yong Cai, Wei Zhong Zhang
In recent years, they have attracted more and more attention from the scientific and professional communities and concern from the public awareness due to the increasing frequency with which they occur and the death tolls they claim.
Flood control system was mainly consisted of water tank, pipes and flow control valve.
The water level of the underground water level test tube and the length of dry beach surface are recorded after each certain interval.
The Area of Water Overflow The Area of Breakage The Area of Crack Development The Area of Debris Flow (a) (b) (c) Fig.3 The tailings dam failure process induced by floodwater: (a) after achieve the biggest water level 1.3 h; (b) after achieve the biggest water level 2h; (c) after achieve the biggest water level 3 h Collapse Mode.
The role of capillary water in the stability of tailing dams.
Online since: February 2016
Authors: A.S. Benosman, H. Taïbi, B. Belbachir
Development of polymer mortar composites [4] stems from some needs of construction, public works professionals and materials for energy efficiency in buildings.
Acidic environments, likely to be aggressive for concrete, start with pure water, then extend to fresh water loaded with little or much carbon dioxide, next to acid rain, and finally with inorganic and mineral acids, including wastewaters [8].
After the cure period of one day in water saturated with lime, the specimens were removed and they were kept in an environment with a temperature of 20±2°C and a relative humidity of 60 ± 5% up to 28 days (control medium).
The test-tubes were cleaned 3 times with fresh water, to remove the mortar and/or altered composite, and then were allowed to dry for half an hour.
The low quantity of calcium nitrate found is due to its high solubility in water.
Online since: February 2026
Authors: Chinwuba Arum, Oluwafemi O. Omotayo, Isah Jimoh Karikati
The upsurge in the cost of building materials, especially fine and coarse aggregates for construction, has raised many concerns for construction industry professionals.
Depending on its water content, soil may appear in one of four regions solid, semi-solid, plastic and liquid.
The sorptivity test was adopted in this study to measure the rate of absorption of water into the unsaturated concrete through capillary suction. 2.6.1 Sorptivity for Water Absorption Test The sorptivity tests was conducted in accordance with ASTM, C1585 [21].
s= I2t (5) Where I is ∆w / Ad, ∆w represents change in weight (W2 – W1), A is the surface area of the specimen subjection for water penetration, d is the density of water, t is the time exposed (m), and S is the rate of sorptivity (mm/min).
[21] ASTM, C1585, “Standard Test Method for Measurement of Rate of Absorption of Water by Hydraulic-Cement Concretes.”
Online since: January 2013
Authors: Dao Cai Chi, Yong Tao Wang, He Xi Zhang, Qun Wang
The C / C + + cross compiler and debugger in IAR Embedded Workbench (EW) were professional embedded applications development tools that were the most complete and easiest to use in the world.
Christiansen, (1942) was one of the first scholars to study the sprinkler water distribution characteristics.
He proposed that use uniformity coefficient Cu to measure uniformity of the sprinkling water.
The formula was: (3) —Coefficient of uniformity, —Sprayed water depth at point i, —Average spraying water depth, —The number of measurement points.
Shallow type of arable land accounted for 40.4% of the total cultivated area whose soil water storage capacity was weak.
Online since: September 2019
Authors: A.G. Barbosa de Lima, Severino Rodrigues de Farias Neto, B.R. de Brito Correia, H. Luma Fernandes Magalhães, Ricardo Soares Gomez, G. Moreira
During the extraction and refining process of these products, a significant amount of oily waters is generated, commonly known as produced waters.
Table 2 - Regression coefficients for the water specific heat.
Table 3 - Regression coefficients for the water viscosity.
Table 4 - Regression coefficients for water density.
United States: Gulf Professional Publishing, vol. 2, (2010)
Online since: February 2026
Authors: Zahraa Yahya Al-Moosawi, Adnan A. Ateeq, Maher T. Al Shamkhani
Gulf Professional Publishing. 2012
Arnold, Gas-liquid and Liquid-liquid Separators. 2008: Gulf Professional Publishing
Koszela, Droplet-settling vs. retention-time theories for sizing Oil/Water separator.
Sun, Effect of temperature on oil–water separations using membranes in horizontal separators.
[28] Jonach, T., et al., Modeling and Simulation of 3-Phase Separators in the Oil and Gas Industry with Emphasis on Water Quality.
Online since: January 2016
Authors: Krzysztof Kurc, Dariusz Szybicki
Elements selected as ready-made modules were scanned by means of an Atos Professional 3D scanner (Fig. 1).
An important role in the description of robot movement under water is also played by the force present in equations (7) and (8), i.e. the buoyancy force defined by the expression: , (10) where: g - gravitational acceleration, ρ - medium density, U - robot volume.
It was necessary to select water as a liquid flowing around the robot and assume the liquid pressure as well as velocity.
Determining parameters for the robot body Simulations of liquid flow around the different robot configurations were performed at various pressures both for open water reservoir and various diameter pipe conditions.
In-depth knowledge of these parameters was necessary to perform simulation of robot behaviour in water and to design its control system.
Online since: January 2013
Authors: Ondřej Hnilica, Josef Plášek
The most valuable part of the object is a fresco of the fresco-secco type with shades of natural colours dissolved in lime milk or water and applied to a half-dry, respectively refreshed plaster.
Professional circles agree that year 1134 stated in the inscription is correct.
Degradation of the inner fresco decoration Stone, bricks, plaster, fresco and other materials that contain water-soluble salts in their pores are very sensitive to changes of the indoor climate.
Changes in the relative air humidity may cause the dissolution of these salts or conversely the crystallisation due to the water evaporation.
The pressure of water vapour at the wall surface pw [Pa] may be considered the same as the pressure of water vapour in the air pi [Pa].
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