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Nickel sulphate is used as source of nickel and the concentrations of nickel sulphate and sample numbers for the electroless process were shown in table 1.
Table 1 Concentrations of the Nickel sulphate and the sample number for the electroless process No.
There is considerable increase in the intensity of the peaks for sample 2 and sample 3 when being heat treated at 400℃ (fig. 4a and fig. 5a), which is an indication of large grain growth in the coatings along with phosphide precipitation in all the cases.
These results might be ascribed to the increasing of the numbers of phosphorus atoms within the fcc Ni lattice.

Every year mixing such a great number of cement needs to consume billions tons of water.
Also chloridion could permeate the concrete by pores, if the concrete is not close-grained, it will result in the erosion of steel bar in the reinforced concrete, so the concrete breaks.
Cement mortar could only be used as the binding material in the masonry construction, it doesn’t need stones but a certain number of sands are needed.
A large number of tests and practices of using seawater and water with low salt content to producing plain concrete showed that using seawater performs almost as well as water with low salt content.

., Japan) to classify the structures, the grain size and the phase composition.
Treatment regimes by the flux of copper ions of the VT-23 titanium alloy Number of the samples sets The processing mode t, min Fluences, ion/сm2 1 3 0.9×1018 2 6 1.8×1018 4 7.5 2.25×1018 Results and discussion The structural-phase state of the high strength VT-23 titanium alloy, which is widely used for the manufacture of the critical parts of aircraft, after quenching and aging is doped (a+b) martensite [5,6].
Also, according to the state diagram of the copper-titanium, they can form a large number of intermetallic compounds [8], which is an additional interest.
Thus the number of different types of the compounds on the basis of the Cu-Ti system decreases so that at t ≥ 6 min in the surface layer we can observe only two phases (Fig.2,c,d) – b-Ti и Cu2Ti with the orthorhombic lattice Amm2 and the crystalline lattice parameters a = 4.363, b = 7.977, с=4.478 Å.

Ethanol can be manufactured by the fermentation of grains and sugarcane.
Ethanol has been chosen as a primary fuel for the HCCI engine, because of its high octane number (over 100).
Table.1: Properties of Ethanol Chemical Formula C2H5OH Self Ignition Temperature 420°C Octane number 107 Cetane number 8 Gross Heating Value 29700 kJ/kg Flash point 13°C Latent Heat of Vaporization 923 kJ/kg Stoichiometric air fuel ratio 9 Boiling Point 78°C Density 790 kg/m3 Experimental Setup and Procedure The used test engine was a single cylinder DI diesel engine of 4.4 kW with a rated speed of 1500 rpm.

According to the Nyquist sampling theorem and the vibration noise measure range, the sample interval and numbers are ascertained.
Commonly, the sampling frequency needs to be about 3~4 times [11] higher than the Highest useful frequency, therefore, the sample interval and number are set to Δt=0.5×10-4s and 20000 respectively.
Test Impeller and Monitor Points The primary parameters of the single end suction centrifugal model pump are as follows: the impeller outlet angle β2=33°, the impeller inlet diameter D1=71mm, the outlet diameter D2=168mm, the outlet width b2=10mm, the blade number Z=5, the volute base circle diameter D3=184mm, the volute inlet width b3=20mm, the pump inlet diameter Din=65mm and the pump outlet diameter Dout=50mm.
Yao, Design and test of near infrared detector for grain component based on virtual instrument.

Table 2 L8 (41*24) orthogonal table factors level configuration Number Cement ratio Silicon powder Mineral powder Water Sand Pebble 1 Pebble 2 1 480.0 60.0 60.0 132.0 653.0 841.4 223.7 2 412.5 22.5 115.0 132.0 707.0 838.2 222.8 3 420.0 60.0 120.0 144.0 683.0 808.2 214.8 4 357.5 22.5 170.0 121.0 676.0 871.4 231.6 5 480.0 30.0 90.0 132.0 653.0 841.4 223.7 6 412.5 55.0 82.5 132.0 707.0 838.2 222.8 7 420.0 30.0 150.0 144.0 683.0 808.2 214.8 8 357.5 55.0 137.5 121.0 676.0 871.0 231.6 The test is done by L9 (34) orthogonal table and L8 (41*24) orthogonal table.
Table 4 Type and performance of sand Type Fineness modulus Silt content (%) Clay lump Compactness Sand 3.0 0.3 0 0.3 Table 5 Performance index of stones type Grain composition Needle flake content (%) Silt content (%) Crushing index (%) Bulk density (kg/m3) Compactness (kg/m3) Stone 1 5-25 mm 6.4 0.2 12.57 1500 1635 Stone 2 5-20mm 0.8 0.1 3.54 1540 1675 Stones are the aggregate in concrete structure，playing an important role。
Strength analysis Table 6 Results of L9(34) orthogonal experiment number factor mixture compression strength (Mpa) W/C mineral powder ganister sand slumps 3d 7d 28d (mm) strength strength strength 1 1 1 1 125 43.00 54.30 65.76 2 1 2 2 125 50.00 56.90 64.00 3 1 3 3 220 28.10 39.00 62.64 4 2 2 3 110 57.00 62.05 61.83 5 2 3 1 140 37.60 48.49 71.79 6 2 1 2 110 33.28 44.85 62.99 7 3 3 2 180 40.60 54.00 68.09 8 3 1 3 230 39.20 53.86 66.98 9 3 2 1 150 37.40 54.00 71.75 Then L9 (34) orthogonal experiment factors level configuration were shown in table 1, the test results were shown in table 6.
Figure 2 28 day strength analysis of L9(34) orthogonal test Table 7 L8(41*24) results number slump (mm) Compressive strength (Mpa) 3d 7d 28d strength strength strength 1 130 64.48 67.33 115.62 2 235 57.62 72.00 85.31 3 175 54.21 66.53 77.56 4 205 48.44 65.86 79.97 5 235 54.60 62.73 79.13 6 110 44.06 64.37 106.39 7 190 51.53 70.00 89.29 8 150 53.80 64.44 82.69 Figure 3 Intuitive analyzing of L8(41*24) According to the first round of the orthogonal experiment result analysis, second group of orthogonal test were formulated.

Scanning speed [mm s-1] Number of repetitions Obtained depth [µm] 1 1500 100 5 2 1500 200 10 3 2000 100 3 4 2000 200 7 5 2500 100 2 6 2500 200 5 7 3000 100 1.5 8 3000 200 4 Sample no.
Scanning speed [mm s-1] Number of repetitions Obtained depth [µm] 9 1500 100 4 10 1500 200 7.8 11 2000 100 2.7 12 2000 200 4.2 13 2500 100 1.8 14 2500 200 3.9 15 3000 100 1.1 16 3000 200 3.2 Table 1c.
Scanning speed [mm s-1] Number of repetitions Obtained depth [µm] 17 1500 100 2.2 18 1500 200 6 19 2000 100 2.1 20 2000 200 3.8 21 2500 100 1.3 22 2500 200 3.3 23 3000 100 0.8 24 3000 200 2.9 Table 2.
Result of this process is shown in the Figure 5 and Figure 8 where we can see the grain structure that is not damaged on the surface polycrystalline silicon which is used to the production photovoltaic cells.

To eliminate the unfavorable stress effect on the performance of cold–drawn eutectoid steels with nanosized lamellae structures, a number of post drawing procedures have been utilized by steelmakers to control the residuals stresses resulting from cold drawing[7,8].Amongst them, thermal–mechanical treatment (i.e., stabilization) is so far the most effective procedure to relieve the stresses in the drawn wires, which are based on stretching and heating the wires during a short time period.
Crystallite grains of ferrite tended to aggregate around and ideal direction, In particular, fiber texture—the g-fiber texture (0–90o, 54.7o, 45o) existed in the hot rolled pearlitic rod to some extent, which might be beneficial for the following cold drawing process.
These differences of hardening behavior indicated by tension and torsion experiments were connected to the number of slip systems being activated along each deformation mode and to texture evolution.
It is easily seen from Fig. 4c and 4d that after thermal mechanical treatment, there are a great number of granular cementite precipitations on the cementite lamellae in the transverse and longitudinal specimens (Dark field images).

The strain amplitudes εa and γa were chosen based on previous results to obtain a number of cycles to failure between 104 and 106.
It is based on observations that crack initiation phenomenon is dominated by shear stress and strain among microscopic metal grains; however, propagation of micro-crack does not happen only due to cyclic tensile stress, and is the combined effect of both normal and shear stress at the critical plane.
This damage parameter was also able to handle the large number of data points in order to capture all the nuances that appears with different kinds of load configurations.
When the number of data use to fit the parameters are excessively low, delimiting the values to obtain a correct solution is more relevant.

In Russia for 1999-2009 years, the average number of the incidents and accidents per 1000 km was 0.06 failures per year.
In the West European trunk tubelines for 1991-2006, the average number of failures was 0.32 failures per year, in the North American tubelines - up to 0.48.
In the US, the number of failures due to external influences is 1.5 times more than in Russia.
Kang, Sintering: Densification, Grain Growth and Microstructure, Butterworth-Heinemann, 2004