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Online since: July 2021
Authors: Dorothea Sklenářová, Karel Dvořák, Diana Mária Koporcová
This issue has been researched by only a small number of scientific groups so far [4, 5], although these lime and limestone properties are essential to the processes in steel production.
Crystallite can be considered a number of cells with crystalline structure that are systematically linked and are creating coherently diffracting domain.
β=B2-b2 (2) β… Full peak width at half maximum height after correction [rad] b… error of peaks due to imperfections of the device [rad] Scherrer equation after modification [13]: L=K∙λcosθ∙1B2-b2 (3) Scherrer constant K is shape factor and takes values according to the shape of the grains.
Acknowledgements This work was financially supported by BUT student research project number: FAST-J-20-6520 “Influence of genesis and type of limestone on the process of decarbonation and the CaO sintering process” References [1] J.
Crystallite can be considered a number of cells with crystalline structure that are systematically linked and are creating coherently diffracting domain.
β=B2-b2 (2) β… Full peak width at half maximum height after correction [rad] b… error of peaks due to imperfections of the device [rad] Scherrer equation after modification [13]: L=K∙λcosθ∙1B2-b2 (3) Scherrer constant K is shape factor and takes values according to the shape of the grains.
Acknowledgements This work was financially supported by BUT student research project number: FAST-J-20-6520 “Influence of genesis and type of limestone on the process of decarbonation and the CaO sintering process” References [1] J.
Online since: April 2019
Authors: Kamarulazizi Ibrahim, Naser Mahmoud Ahmed, Arshad Hmood, Mohamed S. Mahdi, Shrook A. Azzez
The dominant peak (2θ =31.71o) representing the (111) orientation is consistent with the standard data (JCPDS card number: 39-0354) with lattice constants, a = 0.4329 nm, b = 1.1192 nm and c = 0.3984 nm for orthorhombic-structured SnS [5,6,11].
It can be seen that the film consists of uniform and high-density nanoflakes grain morphology.
Moreover, the substrate surface was entirely covered with nanoflakes, as a result increasing the number of nucleation sites.
As expected, illumination by higher power densities leads to more photon flux density, resulting in more number of electron-hole pairs generated [15,16].
It can be seen that the film consists of uniform and high-density nanoflakes grain morphology.
Moreover, the substrate surface was entirely covered with nanoflakes, as a result increasing the number of nucleation sites.
As expected, illumination by higher power densities leads to more photon flux density, resulting in more number of electron-hole pairs generated [15,16].
Online since: February 2022
Authors: Jin Jun Tang, Cui Liang, Chen Guang Xu
In the alloy system, the average bonding electron number of alloy elements can well reflect the stability of the alloy.
When more electrons are at lower energy, the number of bonding electrons increases, the interaction of valence electrons in the crystal increases, and the stability of the crystal will increase.
The average number of bonding electrons is calculated by integrating the electronic density of States, which is used to judge the stability of each compound in the alloy.
Based on the research results of strengthening and toughening, the characteristic microstructure corresponding to high performance is sought by studying the behavior of interface, especially grain boundary, regulation method and its synergistic effect with the second phase, Establish the optimization direction of characteristic performance and the best organization model.
When more electrons are at lower energy, the number of bonding electrons increases, the interaction of valence electrons in the crystal increases, and the stability of the crystal will increase.
The average number of bonding electrons is calculated by integrating the electronic density of States, which is used to judge the stability of each compound in the alloy.
Based on the research results of strengthening and toughening, the characteristic microstructure corresponding to high performance is sought by studying the behavior of interface, especially grain boundary, regulation method and its synergistic effect with the second phase, Establish the optimization direction of characteristic performance and the best organization model.
Online since: December 2006
Authors: Hye Jeong Park, Akira Sakai, Sung Sik Chang
The majority of observed features are composed of small size grains with similar spherical
shape (2 ~ 5 nm in diameter).
In addition the vibrational mode stemming from Sn metal at 203.7 cm -1, which has a low wave number shift of 4.4 cm-1 with FWHM of 22.3 cm-1, is also detected.
Sp- Sn shows a low wave number shift of 4.4 cm-1 and increase of FWHM.
Thus, the low wave number shift and peak broadening of sp-Sn may be caused by nanosize effects, as evidenced from TEM and STM (see Fig. 1).
In addition the vibrational mode stemming from Sn metal at 203.7 cm -1, which has a low wave number shift of 4.4 cm-1 with FWHM of 22.3 cm-1, is also detected.
Sp- Sn shows a low wave number shift of 4.4 cm-1 and increase of FWHM.
Thus, the low wave number shift and peak broadening of sp-Sn may be caused by nanosize effects, as evidenced from TEM and STM (see Fig. 1).
Online since: June 2011
Authors: Chun Yan Yao, Jin Sheng Wang, Wei Peng
As a solution to these problems, fixed-abrasive wire saws are produced by electroplating process, electrical discharge machining, bonding with resin agent or mechanical embedding of abrasive grains into piano wires [2-5].
The mesh number of diamond particles is 270# in the experiment.
Abrasive particles distribution density of diamond wire saw, namely the number of the abrasive particles on unit length size, is another important effect on the slicing performance of diamond wire saw.
We can change the number of diamond abrasive particles to control the abrasive particles distributing density of diamond wire saw by change rotation speed of powder feeder motor.
The mesh number of diamond particles is 270# in the experiment.
Abrasive particles distribution density of diamond wire saw, namely the number of the abrasive particles on unit length size, is another important effect on the slicing performance of diamond wire saw.
We can change the number of diamond abrasive particles to control the abrasive particles distributing density of diamond wire saw by change rotation speed of powder feeder motor.
Online since: March 2011
Authors: K.H. Zhang, Guo Feng Wang, Shuang Lu, C.L. Hong
Methylene blue molecules can hardly drill through the close-grained surface of the coated paper.
In the experiment, along with the extending of time, the increasing rate of the number of dye spots decreased and at last it would keep stable(Fig.6).This was because the quantity of corrosion pits depend on the quantity of holes that fatigue damage could emerged in specific acoustic field.
We also tried to use plastic sticky tape to cover one surface of the test paper, only to find a significant decrease in the number of dye pits, and an increase of the number of bumps and folds on the surface of coated paper.
In the experiment, along with the extending of time, the increasing rate of the number of dye spots decreased and at last it would keep stable(Fig.6).This was because the quantity of corrosion pits depend on the quantity of holes that fatigue damage could emerged in specific acoustic field.
We also tried to use plastic sticky tape to cover one surface of the test paper, only to find a significant decrease in the number of dye pits, and an increase of the number of bumps and folds on the surface of coated paper.
Online since: June 2003
Authors: Donats Millers, Witold Łojkowski, A. Opalińska, Larisa Grigorjeva
The major number of studies was undertaken on nanocrystals embedded in a matrix [3, 6-7].
The average grain size (Φ) of nanocrystals was calculated from specific surface area data and density of zirconium oxide (5.6 g/cm3), assuming that the particles are spherical.
One can expect, that in the smallest size nanocrystals the number of perturbed luminescence centres is larger than in large size nanocrystals.
The large number of Pr 3+ is suggested to be bound at the nanocrystal surface in ZrO2:Pr.
The average grain size (Φ) of nanocrystals was calculated from specific surface area data and density of zirconium oxide (5.6 g/cm3), assuming that the particles are spherical.
One can expect, that in the smallest size nanocrystals the number of perturbed luminescence centres is larger than in large size nanocrystals.
The large number of Pr 3+ is suggested to be bound at the nanocrystal surface in ZrO2:Pr.
Online since: October 2010
Authors: Zheng Xi Hu, Xiao Hua Jie, Guo Hui Lu
Table 1 Relation between samples code and MWCNTs concentration in bath
sample number
MWCNTs concentration in bath(gL-1)
0#
0
1#
1
2#
2
3#
3
4#
4
Surface microhardness of the composite coatings was measured on an Akas Hardness Testing Machine (MVK-H3, Japan).
Fig.1 SEM images of coatings at different magnification (a) 1#, (b)2#, (c)3#, (d)4# at 20000 magnification ; (e)1# , (f)2#, (g)3#, (h)4#, (i) 0# at 1500 magnification From the comparisons of the above images, Pb-Sn alloy coating had a regular grains structure with clear boundaries, while the composite coatings possessed fine netlike structures with compact tissues.
Fig.3 Relation between friction coefficients and number of revolutions (a) load 100N (b) load 200N (c) load 300N (d) load 400N Fig. 4 suggests that whether the coatings had nanotubes or not, increase of applied load caused a much higher wear weight loss.
(2) The tribological properties of composite coatings not only depended on the number of CNTs in the coatings but also on the distribution state of the nano particles.
Fig.1 SEM images of coatings at different magnification (a) 1#, (b)2#, (c)3#, (d)4# at 20000 magnification ; (e)1# , (f)2#, (g)3#, (h)4#, (i) 0# at 1500 magnification From the comparisons of the above images, Pb-Sn alloy coating had a regular grains structure with clear boundaries, while the composite coatings possessed fine netlike structures with compact tissues.
Fig.3 Relation between friction coefficients and number of revolutions (a) load 100N (b) load 200N (c) load 300N (d) load 400N Fig. 4 suggests that whether the coatings had nanotubes or not, increase of applied load caused a much higher wear weight loss.
(2) The tribological properties of composite coatings not only depended on the number of CNTs in the coatings but also on the distribution state of the nano particles.
Online since: October 2012
Authors: Bao Hua Guo, Cai Xia Tian
When Reynolds number is below 1, inertia force has little effect; inertia force don’t dominant the flow but has significant effect when Reynolds number is between 1 and 10; when Reynolds number ranges from 1 to 100, linear relation between pressure drop and flow velocity will fail, and Reynolds equation will overestimate conductivity for about 100%; when Reynolds number is 333.26~1413.62, non-Darcy flow occur ,and don’t obey cubic law and LCL.
Pressure sensitive paper and deformable film were used to measure distribution of contact area; (3) to measure the aperture directly using resistor, nuclear magneton resonance imaging, or X-ray CT number.
Physical solution depends mainly on migration and diffusion of consolidating material among mineral grains and chip under the function of fluid flowing; chemical solution correlate closely to ion concentration, PH value etc.
In summary, following subjects need to be investigated in future: (1) Making parallel plates model with prefabricated concrete plate, armor plate, resin glass plate, and bake clay plate, and synthesizing roughness by sticking sand grains with different sizes or metal sheet on fracture surfaces can’t reflect feature of natural fracture, we should employ natural rock containing a natural or artificial fracture
Pressure sensitive paper and deformable film were used to measure distribution of contact area; (3) to measure the aperture directly using resistor, nuclear magneton resonance imaging, or X-ray CT number.
Physical solution depends mainly on migration and diffusion of consolidating material among mineral grains and chip under the function of fluid flowing; chemical solution correlate closely to ion concentration, PH value etc.
In summary, following subjects need to be investigated in future: (1) Making parallel plates model with prefabricated concrete plate, armor plate, resin glass plate, and bake clay plate, and synthesizing roughness by sticking sand grains with different sizes or metal sheet on fracture surfaces can’t reflect feature of natural fracture, we should employ natural rock containing a natural or artificial fracture
Online since: October 2012
Authors: A.J. Ruys, N. Ehsani, C.C. Sorrell
Further, HIPing enables suppression of grain growth, which can improve strength and toughness [41].
A number of pulled out grains and/or micropores can be seen in this figure.
The contact point between fibres is a crack source and therefore the number of direct fibre contacts has a negative effect on the stress-intensity factor.
The number of direct contacts was much higher for the 30 vol% fibre addition.
Besides these blemishes, a number of large voids can be clearly observed around the fibres.
A number of pulled out grains and/or micropores can be seen in this figure.
The contact point between fibres is a crack source and therefore the number of direct fibre contacts has a negative effect on the stress-intensity factor.
The number of direct contacts was much higher for the 30 vol% fibre addition.
Besides these blemishes, a number of large voids can be clearly observed around the fibres.