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In Russia for 1999-2009 years, the average number of the incidents and accidents per 1000 km was 0.06 failures per year.
In the West European trunk tubelines for 1991-2006, the average number of failures was 0.32 failures per year, in the North American tubelines - up to 0.48.
In the US, the number of failures due to external influences is 1.5 times more than in Russia.
Kang, Sintering: Densification, Grain Growth and Microstructure, Butterworth-Heinemann, 2004

The film properties, in most cases, are influenced by the elemental composition of the PZT, the type of substrate, the crystallization temperature, the orientation and size of the PZT crystal grains and a number of other factors.
XRD patterns of PZT films (Samples number is on right) a) b) Figure 2.
PZT crystallite size Sample number Pressure [Torr] Crystallographic orientation of PZT (001) (110) (111) (002) 00.15.18 0.51 14.9 85 6.1 9.1 03.19 0.51 - 52.2 01.19 0.45 23.5 104.4 - - It can be seen from the Table 1 that for all samples the size of crystallites with the (110) orientation is much larger than the sizes of crystallites with orientation in other directions.

A number of data from literature are rearranged on fatigue strength diagrams based on the hypothesis of plastic adaptation.
A number of data from literature including fatigue test results of notched and mean stressed specimens are rearranged on fatigue strength diagrams based on the hypothesis of plastic adaptation.
Pileups of interstitial type prismatic dislocations also causes grain boundary cracking, twin-boundary cracking, debonding of inclusions and so on.
A number of data from literature which contains notched and mean stressed fatigue test results are rearranged on fatigue strength diagrams based on the hypothesis of plastic adaptation.

The water-cement ratio was 0.6, maximum size of grain was 16 mm and Portland cement 42.5 MPa was used for the concrete.
It is then possible to define the function dependency between the number of fibers in concrete x and the axial tensile strength based on the three-point bending test: fct,3B = 0.0169x + 2.0557[MPa] (R2= 0.9694) (5) Similarly also dependency for axial tensile strength based on the four-point bending test: fct,4B = 0.0166x + 1.8089[MPa].
(R2= 0.9686) (7) Fig. 3: Tensile strength: 3B – three-point test, 4B – four-point test, 3B + 4B + PT – three-point, four-point tests, split tension Discussion Resulting cube and cylindrical pressure strengths are influenced by amount of fibers but it is also influenced significantly with fibre orientation, which may lead to the fact that the resulting pressure strength fluctuates with the number of added fibers.
With increasing number of fibers, the fluctuation of measured tensile strength values also increases.

Every year mixing such a great number of cement needs to consume billions tons of water.
Also chloridion could permeate the concrete by pores, if the concrete is not close-grained, it will result in the erosion of steel bar in the reinforced concrete, so the concrete breaks.
Cement mortar could only be used as the binding material in the masonry construction, it doesn’t need stones but a certain number of sands are needed.
A large number of tests and practices of using seawater and water with low salt content to producing plain concrete showed that using seawater performs almost as well as water with low salt content.

Indicators of quality of spinning is mainly reflected in: combed indicators, combed evenness CV value indicators, the combed sliver impurities grains, and comber containing short fiber content should meet the requirements.
Optimize the ratio of teeth numbers of the dimensions of the detaching roller drive components and differential gear train.  
On the other hand, it also needs to optimize the ratio of the number of teeth of the planetary gear train. 
Produced by Rieter E62, E72 Comber, the use of computer-aided design optimization technology is the ratio of the number of teeth of the size differential gear train transmission parts detaching roller fully optimized to shorten the effective length.

This map is of great interest because it can be used as a tool to predict “as-quenched” properties of titanium alloys, independently from the number of alloying elements.
Hypothesis is made that after the nucleation of twinning embryos, the hardening is caused by the increase of the number of twins per unit volume and the thickening of these existing twins since the mismatch of the coherent twin boundary is linearly proportional to the thickness of the twins.
Additionally, the increase in the number of twins probably results in a decrease of the effective grain size and therefore increases the applied stress necessary to initiate new twins.

(11) According to Eq. (7), we can introduce a current vector potential �� � � of the form � � � � � � � � ×∇= (12) Journal Title and Volume Number (to be inserted by the publisher) from which Eq. (7) is auto-satisfied.
In order to solve the non-linearity due to the constitutive relation, an iteration approach with weighing difference scheme of the Crank-Nicolson-θ is employed to Eq. (20), i.e., [ ] [ ] { } [ ] [ ] { } { } { } 1 1 )1( )1( − − −++ 
 � � 
 � −− ∆ = 
 � � 
 � + ∆ n n n n T t T t � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � θ θ θ θ (21) in which the subscript n means the number of iterative step and θ(0 1)θ< < is the weight factor.
For a single-grained HTS, the axi-symmetric distribution of current in the HTS is reasonable for the axi-symmetric problem what we considered in the simulation.
Journal Title and Volume Number (to be inserted by the publisher) Fig. 2 A flow pattern of shielding current in Fig. 3 A distribution of cross-section distribution the thin layer of superconductor of trapped magnetic field when gap is equal (gap=0.4mm) to 0.4mm Fig. 4 Characteristic curve of superconducting Fig. 5 A cross-section distribution of magnetic levitation force versus gap between the force per area when the gap is 0.4mm HTS and the PM Fig. 6 Relation of the maximum magnetic force Fig. 7 Dependence of the maximum magnetic varying with the surface magnetic field force on diameter of PM when the diameter of permanent magnet (gap=0.4mm) of HTS is 18mm and gap=0.4mm Title of Publication (to be

The grassland ecology is facing multi-pressures such as the balance between the coexistence of grain, forest, human and livestock with grassland [2].
The direct cause of destroying the grassland is not because of the number of livestock, but rather the antagonism between industrialization and urbanization of pastoral areas and the sustainable way of ecological construction in grassland.
Inner Mongolia was the largest number of provinces and autonomous regions of grassland violations.
There were 16226 cases of all kinds of grassland illegal events throughout the year, and Account for 87% of the total number of the country.

But on-line monitoring of SCC is a gray area of research with a number of non-destructive testing techniques being studied for the purpose of early detection of degradation by corrosion [5].
HAZ is most sensitive to SCC owing to wide grain, uneven microstructure and chemical composition, Fig. 2 shows SEM images of the Sample A weld surface before corrosion and after 9 days corrosion.
(1) Where Xi is the testing potential data, N is the number of point used (1024 points).
(2) Where N is the number of point used (1024 points), S is Standard deviation.