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Among these defects, warpage deflection is one of the most severe defects, which not only affect the part function but also its appearance.
The warpage deflection is generally caused by two factors, uneven cooling of mouldings within cavities, and inconsistent shrinkage of the mouldings.
Tables 1 and 2 show two such exemplar tables, where U7(73) in Table 1 represents an experimental design involving 3 variables (factors) with 7 levels for each variable.
This intuitively illustrates one of the most remarkable properties of UDE desirable to experimental design.
There are, of course, some other properties of UDE, including a few disadvantages over ODE.

Building Physics Institute, Housing and National Research Center (HBRC), Egypt 2Al-Azhar University, Mechanical Engineering Department, Cairo, Egypt 3King Saud University, Department of Industrial Engineering, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia aayazaki1979@hotmail.com, bRamy.el.kady.18@azhar.edu.eg, ctamerkhalaf@azhar.edu.eg, dMelkady@aucegypt.edu, esayed_shebl@yahoo.com *corresponding author Keywords: Intumescent coatings, fire resistance rating, steel structure, NFPA 251, EN 13381.
A comparative study was conducted between NFPA 251 and EN 13381-8 to investigate the contribution of the difference in standard specification conditions in affecting the measured fire rating time.
The parameters which affect the test results are classified as follows: Controllable parameters · Temperature -Time Curve
As the two standards possess approximately the same time-temperature curves, the details/ instructions of thermocouples (numbers and locations) used for measuring steel temperatures have been selected as the main influencing factor.
[11] Jing Han Beh, Ming Chian Yew, Lip Huat Saw, Ming Kun Yew, Fire Resistance and Mechanical Properties of Intumescent Coating Using Novel BioAsh for Steel, Coatings 2020, 10, 1117; doi:10.3390/coatings10111117

In this context, here we initially focus on phenomenological relationships between bone structure, its mechanical properties and most frequent damage mode, to achieve optimal properties of engineering materials for successful clinical bone replacement.
Microstructural parameters (density and porosity) and mechanical properties (Dynamic Young´s modulus and Yield Strength) for CP Ti cylinders with radial gradient porosity.
In regards to mechanical properties, it must be noticed that Vickers hardness decreased when porosity was increased (from core to outer shell).
Microstructural parameters and mechanical properties for CeO2 pellets with radial graded porosity.
Katsura, Mechanical properties of (U,Ce)O-2, Journal of Alloys and Compounds 271 (1998) 697-701

Based on the load time history acquired by track spectrum, combined with finite element model of exciting beam and material properties, the fatigue life of exciting beam is predicted by Miner cumulative damage rule method in this paper.
The transmission system is an important component of the high speed train, and its reliability directly affects the whole vehicle performance.
The advantage of this method is that it's fatigue damage and material properties are intrinsically linked.
Fatigue life calculation formula is presented as follows: (4) Where, nij is one stress amplitude cycle number under a certain load spectrum, Nij is the determined corresponding fatigue life of one certain stress based S-N curve and Goodman diagram of excitation beam, j is cycle number of species, i is species number of loads, a is damage correction factor and set a=0.68, N is fatigue life of weak point.
Song, Mechanical & Electrical Engineering Magazine, Vol. 19　(2002), p. 8 [3] H.Y.

This is not only a theoretical problem but also a crucial problem affect the implementation of the EIP
(4) EIP in China is faced with simple, blind, and mechanical expansion.
It aims at finding out the key factors in successfully enforcing this kind of IS programs.
The 2 key factors for the success of BPS in America are the understanding of each other’s operations and the ability of identifying opportunities.
According to these 2 key factors and the experience of the USA, as well as the present situation in China, this paper proposes a suggested framework for EIP implementation.

The strain distribution within a grain seems to be affected by neighbor grains.
Introduction Measurement of inhomogeneous strain is an important and interest matter for material science and engineering, because inhomogeneous strain connect with material microstructures which dominate mechanical properties, such as strength and fracture.
As referring with the Schmid factor and Taylor factor, apparent deformability in each grain varies with the grain orientation due to different shear stress on a slip system.
Grains deformed easily with a low Taylor factor are probably subjected to additional deformation imposed by their neighbouring grains deformed difficulty with a high Taylor factor.
Strain distribution in the Grain 4 was significantly affected by neighbor grain.

Introduction The Mobile hard disk is a precise micro-electro-mechanical system, which is mainly made up with shell, PCB(printed circuit board) and hard disk.
Due to complexity of structures of mechanical components and special work mode, the HDD is very sensitive to vibration.
The contact and the impulse with ground affect the whole process of drop impact.
The table has four factors(design variables).
Each factor has 25 levels. 25 groups of tests can be proceed. 25 samples are come into being. 20 samples are chose as training set among them. 5 samples are chose as test set using for detecting network.

The Assessment of Subsurface Damage in Ground Optics by Chemical Etching Hui Yea, Wei Yangb,* School of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China ayhxmu@sina.com, b*oncefly@126.com Key words: optical manufacturing; subsurface damage evaluation; chemical etching Abstract.
Introduction Hard brittle fused silica is widely used in high power laser system thanks to its excellent performance and mechanical properties.
Subsurface damage (SSD) of optical elements, created during the traditional grinding and polishing process, has been a key factor influencing optical quality and performance [1-3].
These methods are generally easy-operated and cost-effective, but the measuring resolution is associated with external factors such as temperature or acid concentrations.
The results accuracy is affected by the judge of etching time when the cusps get the deepest depth.

Magnetic properties and electrical characteristic of different winding geometries will be evaluated based on electric current supply of 3 to 5 Amperes to the inductor.
An accurate model of thermal conduction is not trivial as there are many governing factors that.
Changing of inductor magnetic field will affect its electrical storage and flux alternating performance [3].
The heat conduction within a conductor was shown to be dependant of its winding geometry, as different geometries have different thermal conduction rate, thereby affecting the thermal transition within an inductor.
It was also shown that an inductors winding geometry affects its magnetic behaviour.

Ao4, d 1Department of Tourism and Cuisine, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150028, China 2School of Mechanical Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, China 3School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China apeiyinzhang@163.com, byu_ccna@163.com, cadai_ccna@163.com, daoyingjie@163.com Keywords: Tourism demand, Dynamic process, neural network, Abstract.
The parameters and are learning factors, called cognitive and social parameter respectively, and they are used to bias the particle’s search.
Many scholars have studied that the parameters is the key factors to affect the convergence of the PSO.
In particular, the adaptive mutation weight factor (AMWF) is determined as follows
The adaptive mutation weight factor (AMWF) is defined in Eq. (8) with = 1.2 and = 0.2.