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For the negligible depletion region width W such calculations were carried out for a dislocation parallel to the surface [15] and for a grain boundary [16].
Calculations of EBIC contrast for quasi-two-dimensional dislocation trails was carried out using the expression for the contrast of grain boundary perpendicular to a surface derived in [16] and corrected for a finite W dk)z,x(g)]Wz(k[Sin)xexp( s k dxdz Is C Wc max − − + ∫∫∫= ∞∞ ∞− ∞ λ λλ π 2 1 2 0 2 0 , (3) where s = S/D and 222 1 L/k +=λ .
The contrast from different trails changes from 0.5 to 4% that could be determined by a different number of dislocations moving along the corresponding slip planes.

At 1450°C,further sintering densification occurred (Fig.2 c) with the appearance of grain coarsening.
At 1150°C (Fig. 3a and b), the YSZDC-Cu0.02 exhibits a highly porous micro-structure, where some fine grains are observed,This suggests no significant sintering took place.
Acknowledgements This work was supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Foundation of Nature Science (51162014); Nature Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province Number(2010GZH0083); Jiangxi Science and Technology Support Program (2009ZDG05200); Ministry of Science and Technology Cooperation Program (2009DFA51210).

Introduction A number of studies on the numerical simulation of moving boundary problems in cohesioneless soils have been published in the modern literature [e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4].
Loukidis and Salgado [15] mentioned that in order to restrain the shear band thickness next to the cone shaft to realistic values, the minimum element size should be between 5 and 20D50, where D50 is the grain diameter at which 50% of the soil is finer.
Grain diameter D50 for the Fontainbleau sand is D50=0.181mm [13] whereas the minimum element size adopted was 2mm (11D50), thus within the acceptable range.

Grain structures were examined for the annealed samples to ensure recrystallisation had not occurred.
The Kearns values represent the effective fraction of basal poles in one of the three principle directions; axial, tangential and radial [5] and essentially reduces the key texture information to three numbers.
To make the hardness measurements independent of other microstructural features, such as grain size and second phase particles, it is better to plot the ratio of the radial to tangential hardness (and vice-versa).

In general, the grain of alumina phase is bigger than zirconia.
It caused by α-alumina crystalline can easily prompt the grain growth after calcination at high temperature.
The number of peaks for –OH function groups in ZAS powder related to high content of zirconia.

There appear a small number of diffraction peaks in the Fig.1 due to the formation of a texture during cold rolling.
Plates of α' were seen in the micrographs of Ti-5Cr, and equiaxed β grains were seen in the other alloys.
The increase in hardness is thought to be caused by solid solution hardening mostly, since (1) ω or other second phase was not detected by XTD, (2) remarkable grain size refinement was not observed as seen in Fig.3, and (3) no work hardening remained due to fully recrystallization.

Table 1 Theoretical kinetic model equations considered Model Label Johnson–Mehl–Avrami n Normal grain growth m The general kinetics equation, Eq. (1), can be rewritten in the logarithmic form as： (6) The right side of Eq. (6) depends neither on T nor on β.
The crystallization mechanism is composed of the Johnson-Mehl-Avrami nucleation and growth mode in the early stages, and the normal grain growth kinetic law mode in the advanced stages.
Acknowledgements This work is financially supported by Natural Science of Gansu Province, Grant number ZS032-B25-018.

The conjunctive mortars of the initial construction are lime mortars of two types: - White, coarse-grained - Red, medium-grained, with splinters of ceramic material (Axiotidou et al. 2007).
Creation of the Model During the formation of the model a number of problems had to be solved, concerning the lack of symmetry, the complexity of the various chambers and corridors in the interior of the tower and the lack of knowledge concerning the thickness of the cylindrical body, the foundation of the monument and the material properties.

They focus on the contribution of the timber members to improve the strength to static and dynamic actions and on the behavior of the joints, taking into account design of the node, number and size of the concurring members, masonry bond.
This kind of degradation shows peculiar cross and longitudinal grain cracking, that is typical to the brown rot, presenting lack of consistence and minor weight than the intact timber elements, scant cohesion and low resistance to the transversal pressure.
The decay is characterized by surface tunnels, circular bore holes of 1 mm size, tunnels parallel to grain.

In addition, the indexing of the nodes and elements is closed, which means there are no gaps in the numbering of the index, starting by zero.
This context involves not only multiple scales, but also different temporal and spatial resolutions as well as different data fields (e.g. temperatures at macro level, grain identifiers at micro level).
Thereby, multiple datasets are representing material and work piece states at different spatial scales, e.g. grain level (magnitude of µm) and work piece scale (magnitude of m), spatial locations, temporal scales (ranging from seconds to hours for sub-processes) and temporal locations.