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Water hardness caused by calcium ions in water can affect the properties of food including aroma, texture, flavor and appearance.
These modifications will improve the properties of chitosan in terms of the chemical stability, biocompatibility, hydrophilicity, and also pore size [8].
Thus, the modification by cross-linkage may stabilize chitosan in acid solution and enhance its mechanical properties [8-13] .The ground water may have different qualities from one location to another.
Based on the different surface characterization, it could be suggest that the adsorption behaviors should be affected from these physical properties.
Moreover, the Langmiur constant was used to calculated the RL, a dimensionless separation factor, to confirm the Langmiur model of adsorption at the 100 to 1000 mg L-1 of initial concentration of calcium ions.

Based on the literature, it is shown that the cooling medium used during the quenching process will have a significant effect on the cooling rate so that it will affect the resulting microstructure and mechanical properties [5].
Nanofluid stability is an important factor that must be considered because it can affect the thermal conductivity of nanofluids.
Eatemadi et.al., “Carbon nanotubes: properties, synthesis, purification, and medical applications,” Nanoscale Res.
Metselaar, “A review of nanofluid stability properties and characterization in stationary conditions,” Int.
Al Abas Siba, “EFFECT OF SURFACTANT ADDITION ON THE NANOFLUIDS PROPERTIES: A REVIEW,” Acta mech.

Fluidity is the basic foundry property.
As far as metal characteristics are concerned, the following metallurgical factors can be listed as those which have greater or lesser effect on fluidity [1, 2].
The measuring system with high variability is not suitable for the analysis, since its variability can mask the variability of measured process The capability of measurement process is defined by statistical properties of multiple measurements obtained from the measurements, working in stable conditions.
Different results of inexperienced operator C affect the high value index %AV of MSA.
Hydrogen causes porosity in aluminum products leading to many casting defects, reduced mechanical properties like fatigue and lower corrosion resistance.

It has frequently been observed that the ductility or elongation of a material can significantly be affected by its grain size.
Introduction Elongation is an important mechanical property strongly influencing the formability, workability and the safety of service of a material.
The strain hardening rate (Θ) and the dislocation density increasing rate (dρ/dγ) can be related to each other by: γ ρ ρ αµ γ τ ε σ d dbM d d M d d ⋅===Θ 2/1 2 2 2 (4) where M is Taylor orientation factor, τ is shear stress, γ is shear strain, ρ is dislocation density, µ is shear modulus, b is the magnitude of Burgers vector and α is a constant.
The newly stored dislocations may settled in an existing dislocation cell wall (thus ρ0 is not affected) or settled down at a dislocation free region (thus a new section of dislocation cell wall forms and ρ0 is increased), as illustrated in Fig. 1.
The first is for the case of relatively small strain when sn σσ ˆˆ << under which Eq. (18) becomes: )ˆ/ˆ1(0 sσσ−Θ=Θ (19) The second is for the case of relatively lager strain when sn σσ ˆˆ >> under which Eq. (18) becomes: )1ˆ/ˆ(0 − Θ =Θ σσs n (20) Dependence of Strain Hardening Rate on Grain Size It is well known that grain boundaries are excellent dislocation sinks where dislocations are annihilated without affecting the energy of the boundary.

Introduction Diamond has excellent physical properties, such as the most outstanding performances of hardness and strength, high thermal conductivity, broad transparency range, excellent characteristics of semiconductors and chemical inertness in nature, in consequence, diamond has broad application prospect.
At the present stage, the main methods applied in polishing include mechanical polishing, chemical-mechanical polishing, thermo chemical polishing; ion beam polishing, laser polishing and plasma etch polishing.
Such graphitization happened below 1400℃ is virtually affected by oxygen.
Table1 Experiment data Sample Size 8mm×8mm， The Original Roughness Controllable Factor Time [min] 180 Load [kg] 12 Rotate Speed [rpm] 100 Measure Instrument Keyence Digital Microscope VHX-600E Experiment Analysis.
Also the equipment is simpler, by modifying the polishing disk and setting technological parameters on the basis of conditional mechanical polishing equipment to achieve the necessary requirements of the method.

Frame elements, descriptive of decks and piers, were modeled assuming a generic section defining the mechanical parameters according to the actual geometry.
In particular, in the case of retrofit with seismic isolation the link is Friction Isolator [12,13] that allows to relate the shear response to the frictional properties, the radius of curvature and the axial stress on the device.
In the following tables are shown the mechanical properties of the supports considered in the models (Table 1, Table 2, Table 3): Table 1.
Current state - Mechanical characteristics of elastomeric bearings Fzd (kN) Ko (kN/mm) Kv (kN/mm) 1250 3,43 1114 Table 2.
In particular, the dynamic response of the piers heavily affects the seismic response also in the retrofitted conditions.

Several factors that affect crashworthiness are the absorptive energy value of a structure including the load from the impact force, the crash initiator (trigger from the folding direction), the geometry of the shape of the object, the type of material and the mass of the specimen [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 22].
While here it is studied for the influence of elliptical holes on 2 opposite sides which affect the horizontal hinge line, with the following calculations: Fig. 3.
So, the equation is A1 = 322 .cotαpeak . 12– 12 2 tan2αpeak +1–12+12 2 tan2αpeak +1+1  ..... (29.a) A3 = 8cotαpeak . 1+sin2αpeak ..... (29.b) Whereas for A2 it is influenced by the value of E2 on the horizontal hinge line and also the influence of elliptical shape was affecting the weight values on a and b. so we get the equation, A2 = (0.001) 8 - π. a. b CHsinαpeak ..... (29.c) 2.4 Size and dimensions of models As for size of the model specimen was based on reference [20].
As for its material properties are Young's modulus (E) is 195 GPa, density(ρ) is 7850 kg/m3, and the value of yield stress (σy) is 265 Mpa [20].
Ly, "Analytical Prediction of Square Crash Box Structure With Holes Due To Impact Loading," presented at the Regional Conference on Mechanical and Aerospace Technology, Kuala Lumpur, 2013.

Study on ultra-turning technology of optical chalcohalide glass using diamond tool LIU Maofu1,a, LIU Linzhi 1,b, HAN Huixian1,c 1College of Hunan Mechanical ＆ Electrical Polytechnic, Changsha, Hunan, 410151, P.R.China almaof@163.com, blewisirune@163.com, c3776451@163.com Keywords: Precision; Turning; Chalcohalide glass;.
The transparency in the infrared region and the stability against devitrification of the chalcogenide glass and appropriate solubility of rare earth give to the chalcohalide glasses various interesting properties for optical applications, and more important it is cheaper than monocrystalline germanium [1-2].
However, the chalcohalide glass is brittle material and its fracture toughness coefficient K1c is lower than 0.3Mpa/m which will affect its mechanical performance seriously.
The superior surface finish and profile accuracy of SPDT allow the technology to be adopted widely for the manufacture of a variety of precision mechanical and optical parts such as scanner mirrors and camera lenses [5].
It should be noted that the PV curve fluctuates acutely and there exists an obvious convex in the two side of the curve, so the form errors from eccentricity should be compensated as the primary factors.

The Finite Element Analysis and Experimental Study of Fly Ash Embankment Reinforcement Humei Wang1,a, Yang Wang2,3,b and Lin Huang4,c 1Tianjin Railway Technical and Vocational College, Tianjin, 300240, China 2School of Mechanical, Electronic and Control Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, China 3School of Civil Engineering, Shijiazhuang Tiedao University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050043, China 4Graduate School of Shijiazhuang Tiedao University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050043, China awanghumei197902@163.com, bjtxwy@163.com (corresponding author), cwy@stdu.edu.cn Keywords: Model Experiment, Embankment, Geogrid, Fly Ash.
Fly ash and other geomaterials have usually regraded as elastic-plastic deformation mixture based on their physical-mechanical properties when they are affected by exteral force.
Considering engineering effects and economical factors, a layer of grid can be laid to reach the aim of reducing the embankment settlement when the embankment is not high.
Hsieh, The mechanical behaviour and design concerns for a hybrid reinforced earth embankment built in limited width adjacent to a slope, Computers and Geotechnics. 38 (2011) 233-247

FEM Investigation of Particle Behavior in Particulate Reinforced Metal-matrix Composites during Micro-extrusion Xinping Zhang1, 2, a , Sylvie Castagne 2, b 1 Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technological, Nanjing, China 2 School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore a xpzhang@mail.njust.edu.cn, b SCastagne@ntu.edu.sg Keywords: Micro-extrusion; Finite element methods; MeO/Ag; Particle; Deformation; Redistribution.
The particles distribution in these materials after micro-extrusion will have a strong influence on the electrical, mechanical and functional characteristics of the components produced.
In addition, the particles behavior will have a strong influence on the electrical, mechanical and functional characteristics of the components produced.
Besides the extrusion parameters, there are many factors that affect the particles behavior, such as the differences between material properties of particles and matrix, the size of the particles and their shape.