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This semi-destructive method causes a very gentle damage and can be also used for the assessment of historic timber structures.
Holzforschung – International Journal of the Biology, Chemistry, Physics and technology of Wood, Vol. 50(4), 1996, pp. 303-311
[4] Kasal, B., Drdácký, M., Jirovský, I.: Semi-destructive methods for evaluation of timber structures.
[5] Drdácký, M., Jirovský, I., Slížková, Z.: On the Structural Health and Technological Survey of Historic Timber Structures.
Proceedings of the International Conference: The Conservation of Historic Wooden Structures, Florence, Vol.

The most important result is the formation of nanocrystalline structure in the material of composite coatings.
In coatings No. 2, the integral microhardness (HV0.3) was on average 24% higher with 1.2-fold decrease in the size of the grain structure, Table 1, Fig. 1.
Thus it was determined that the dislocation density distribution provides the gradient-free level of the fine structure organization.
N., Vagina O N, Properties and peculiarities of ceramic coatings on the Al2O3 and ZrSiO4 basis formed by a new multi-chamber gas-dynamic accelerator, International Journal of Applied Chemistry. 12 (2016) 593-601
Effect of Nano-Structured Factors on the Properties of the Coatings Produced by Detonation Spraying Method.

It has the potential to improve the micro-structure of aluminate cement paste.
Its structure consists of honeycomb pores with micron scale (l-l0μm) and nanopores formed by non cohesive agglomeration of SiO2 gel particles.
Because of its porous structure, it owns a large surface area.
Hyeon, Simulation model for temperature rise and evolution of thermal stress in concrete based on kinetic hydration model of cement, in:S.C Handra (Ed.), Proceedings of Tenth International Congress Chemistry of Cement, Gothenburg, Sweden, vol. 4, 1997, pp.72-75
CHa, Nolinear analysis of temperature and moisture distributions in early-age concrete structures based on degree of hydration, ACI Mater.

Various electrochemical test results show that the films on both substrates exhibit excellent electrochemical capacitive behavior due to the special nanoflakes porous structure.
However, it is probably because that the films deposited on the three-dimensional structured nickel foamed substrate have more reaction active sites due to its high distribution of the active materials in the nickel foam porous structure.
As a result, interlayer space structure can be formed.
The formed interlayer space structure is facilitate to the OH- in electrolyte enter into the bulk of the Co(OH)2 active material and improves the electrochemical properties.
As a result, interlayer space structure can be formed, which is facilitate to the OH- in electrolyte enter into the bulk of the Co(OH)2 active material and improves the electrochemical properties.

The susceptibility of concrete, a porous building material, to microbiological corrosion is explained by its chemical composition, structure and mechanical properties [4, 11].
Ka, Microbiologically induced corrosion of concrete in sewer structures: A review of the mechanisms and phenomena.
Kosenko, Corrosion of Concrete in a Water Management Structure in Conditions of Biogenic Sulfuric Acid Aggression Key Engineering Materials, 953 (2023) 55-62
Materials and Structures. 45 (2012) 1–14
Bonishko, Soil chemistry.

It is therefore important to consider the mechanical properties of scaffolds in order to keep their structures stable during implantation.
XRD measurements were also performed to examine the phase stability of the composite structure.
PCL pallets (CelgreenH7, Daicel Chemistry Industries Co.) of Mw=104 g/mol were dissolved in 1,4 dioxane (Kishida Chemical CO., Ltd.) by stirring at 60 oC for 2 hours.
It is clearly observed that 3D porous structures with high interconnection of pores were well developed in those scaffolds.
Xu, Morphology and Crystalline Structure of Poly(e-Caprolactone) Nanofiber via Porous Aluminium Oxide Template, Macromol.

PsB crystallizes in orthorhombic structure with the lattice constant of a = 0.97, b = 0.99 and c = 0.37 nm [24].
(b) Magnetic Switching Figure 7 Integrated structure consisting of Ni and epitaxial IHF 33.
Fig.7 shows the hysteresis loops of the three individual magnetic layers of the integrated structure: red dotted curve represents the hysteresis loop of IHF33 film; the blue dashed curve is the hysteresis loop of Ni film, and the black curve represents the loop of the integrated structure consisting of both IHF33 and Ni.
Solid State Chemistry, Vol. 10, (1974), p. 72 [23] J.
Wyckoff: Crystal Structures, Wiley Publications, Vol. 3, (1964), p. 297

Intercalated structure When the polymer chains diffuse between the silicate layers without distorting the layered structure, but widen the interlayer distance (basal spacing), with the retention of the crystal order an intercalated structure is formed. 1.3.3.
Exfoliated structure Complete distortion of the clay crystal morphology gives the exfoliated structure.
This reinforcement structure explains the improvement in stiffness and strength.
G Theng, The chemistry of clay–organic reactions John Wiley & Sons Inc.New York, 1974 [4] W.
[9] Mini—Encyclopedia of Papermaking, Wet-End Chemistry, Home Page: www.4.ncsu.edu, accessed July 16, 2007

All combustion products were friable, and had a spongy porous structure with porosity of up to 70 %.
Qualitative phase analysis revealed that the BaTiO3 has tetragonal 4mm phase structure.
All as-synthesized ferrites powders were friable and had a spongy porous structure (porosity of 60-70 %).
Scherer, Sol-Gel Science: The Physics and Chemistry of Sol-Gel Processing, Boston: Academic Press, (1990). 5.
Barrer, Hydrothermal Chemistry of Zeolites.

The structure of the final films was characterized with X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns.
HRTEM images obtained with energy filtering at 10 eV, show metallic silver - silver oxide core-shell structures (Fig. 8).
The contributions of silver coresilver oxide shell structures play an important role on the optical properties of the films.
Garcia-Macedo: Materials Chemistry and Physics 91 (2005) 88
Mulvaney, Coordination Chemistry Reviews 249(2005)1870