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To remedy this, a number of wires is placed next to each other.
As long as the stress on the different lattice planes doesn’t vary to much as a result of grain-grain interactions, the calculated value for the stress is considered to be a reasonable approximation for the stress in the cementite phase.

As have been reported in the literature for similar FSW processes [9,14], the microstructure of the central portion of the joints, SZ, has been dynamically recrystallized and present a fine-grained, equiaxed microstructure, Fig. 3(c).
Adjacent to the SZ, a thermo-mechanically affected zone (TMAZ) was formed on both welding sides (AS and RS) and highly deformed grains resulting from the material flow were observed, Fig. 3(d).
As the RSp increase, the number of revolution per millimeter carried out by the tool increase (higher weld pitch), and these marks systematically tend to come near to each other.

On the other hand, cast train wheel requires cheaper costs both initial investment and production costs for a limited number of products [1, 2].
Microstructure Observation The specimens after the casting, normalizing, hardening, and tempering processes were polished by using emery papers (#320 up to #2000) followed by an alumina suspension with a grain size of 0.3 μm, and then they were etched using a 3% nital solution.
In addition, cast products usually produce coarse grain sizes.

The numbers in the diagrams represented percent efficiency of power dissipation.
Obviously, large amounts of recrystallized grains were found for both conditions.
Due to the high deformation temperature, higher driving forces for recrystallization were generated and it was easier for newly recrystallized grains.

And the affecting factors of the synthesis of 4-nitrophenyl maleimide were studied, such as mole number ratio of reactants, catalyst amount and aminate temperature.
We had reacted at 90℃, 100℃, 110℃ and 120℃; the production had many blackness grains which could dissolve the most of organic solvents and acid, alkali solution.
The blackness grain could be amine which been oxidated become diazotized or azotized compounds.

Table 1 Orthogonal experiment table of photoelectric properties of ITO thin films Sample number Factors Sheet resistance Average transmittance Substrate temperature [°C] Gas flow [L.min-1] Annealing temperature [°C] Ratio [In/Sn] [Ω/□] [%] 1 200 0.5 400 8:1 14109 93 2 200 1 460 9:1 8437 95 3 200 1.5 500 10:1 7683 97 4 200 2.0 540 11:1 13695 91 5 250 0.5 460 10:1 10222 87 6 250 1 400 11:1 10020 94 7 250 1.5 540 8:1 4936 88 8 250 2.0 500 9:1 4662 94 9 300 0.5 500 11:1 8650 94 10 300 1 540 10:1 3875 97 11 300 1.5 400 9:1 5026 73 12 300 2.0 460 8:1 4057 86 13 350 0.5 540 9:1 7943 87 14 350 1 500 8:1 1781 84 15 350 1.5 460 11: 979 74 16 350 2.0 400 10:1 825 76 I 43924 40924 29980 24883 II 29840 24113 23695 26068 III 21608 18624 22776 22605 sheet IV 11528 23239 30449 33344 Resista- K1 10981 10231 7495 6220 ance K2 7460 6028 5923 6517 K3 5402 4656 5694 5651 K4 2882 5809 7612 8336 S 8099 5575 1918 2685 I 376 361 336 351 II 363 370 342 349 III 350 332 369 357 average
This is because low temperature goes against the growth of the grains.
Then, the grains become too large and not uniform with the increased of the substrate temperature after reaches a certain temperature.

Ideally, experiments to evaluate the validity of selective growth relationships require the growth of a large number of randomlyoriented nuclei into a deformed matrix having a single orientation.
Kestens: First Joint International Conference on Recrystallization and Grain Growth, (Springer-Verlag, 2001), p. 49
Lücke: Recrystallization, Grain Growth and Textures, (American Society for Metals, 1965), p. 434

During the course of annealing, texture was measured wherever a significant recovery of broadening or hardness was noticed in order to capture changes in grain orientation.
Concurrently, the recovery of the mechanical properties was measured by Vickers micro-hardness number (VHN) testing after every annealing step.
Both AA6XXX and AA3003 have highly deformed substructures, with the prior re-roll grain size delineated by the decoration of particles along the rolling direction (Fig. 1).

Attention was paid to select the particle grain size so that it was not larger than 1/7 times the width of the arch.
The mechanical properties of rammed earth material, representative of the one used to realize the arches, have been determined with uniaxial compression tests on five cubic specimens of 80x80x80mm3 made of rammed soil, from which grains larger than 8mm were removed with an ASTM sieve, and 11% of water calculated with respect to the dry weight of the earth.
For this reason, it was possible to build a limited number of models and some difficulties were met in the control of initial constraints.

Sample Rm (MPa) Rt0.5 (MPa) Yield to strength ratio A （%） Number Width × Gauge length (mm) 6 o'clock position 180 ° from weld Transverse direction of pipe body 38×50 458 351 0.77 35.0 6 o'clock position 180 ° from weld Transverse direction of pipe body 38×50 434 352 0.81 42.5 GB/T 9711-2017 standard Pipe body ≥415 ≥245 / ≥26 Table 3 Result of charpy impact test.
MEF3A metallographic microscope, MEF4M metallographic microscope and image analysis system were used, according to GB/T 13298-2015" Inspection methods of microstructure for metals ", GB/T 6394-2017" Determination of estimating the average grain size of metal ", and GB/T 10561-2005 "steel- Determination of content of nonmetallic inclusion-Micrographic method using standards diagrams ", the pipe body structure and non-metallic inclusions far away from the corrosion pit area were analyzed.
The results show that the microstructure of the tube is composed of ferrite (f) and pearlite (P), and the average grain size is 10.5 grade.