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For this reason, it is necessary to use TEM, which makes possible the accurate analysis required for the observation of the microstructure and the determination of the chemical composition and crystal structure.
Fig. 3(a) shows the region which the EDS spot analysis indicated to have a 1:1 atomic ratio of Ti:C, and corresponds to the TiC reinforcement that has a cubic (NaCl) structure originating from the [o ı ī] zone axis.
Based on the results of the diffraction pattern analysis, it was that the TiB reinforcement has an orthorhombic structure originating from the [o o ī] zone axis, as shown in Fig. 3(b) [10].
Chemistry 14 (2004) p.1779 [6] L.

application.In terms of environment, with the significant increase in specific surface area of particles, the surface effects, such as surface activity, surface adsorption and catalytic ability are enhanced obviously, which makes the nanoparticles have a strong ability to bind andtransport the toxic chemical pollutants, as well as possibly being toxic in their own right by generating reactive radicals after UV irradiating.[5, 6]Therefore, to ensure the sustainable development of nanotechnology, the environmental risk assessments of nanoscale particles become very meaningful,[7, 8] which requires the appropriate analytical toolsand methods to carry outboth analysis and characterization of the nanoparticles effectively.[9]Many existing methodsare capable to analyze andcharacterize the nanoparticles, but for nanoparticles in a aqueous environment still cannot direct characterize effectively.NMR solvent relaxation measurement is an efficient, noninvasivemethod to give unique insight into molecular structure
Obviously, NMR solvent relaxation, a technique can be applied to many aspects, is highly sensitive to molecular composition and structure of the solid-liquid interface, and reveal a newperspective for analysis and characterization of materials structure, dynamics and surface area.It not only provides the first example ofcompetition between polymer and/or surfactant adsorption on the surface of nanoparticles and determination of specific surface area in aqueous phase, precedent, also lay a foundation forstudyingadsorption behavior between complex adsorbate and mixed particlesin the future.Simultaneously, this technique can optimize industrially relevant formulations.As the innovation of solvent NMR relaxation equipment -- lighter, smaller, portableand high automation, indicates this technique will have a wide and promising application prospect.
[2] Farr M, Sanch S J, Barcel D: TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 2011

Table 1: Crystal structures of polymorphs of principal crystalline phases in anhydrous and hydrated Portland cement Phase Crystal Structures Polymorphs Note Reference C3S Triclinic Monoclinic Rhombohedral T1, T2, T3 M1, M2, M3 R Taylor et al. [2] C2S Hexagonal Orthorhombic Monoclinic α αH', αL', γ β Predominantly β Taylor et al. [2] C3A Cubic Orthorhombic Monoclinic CI, CII O M Commonly CI, CII, & O Taylor [1] De la Torre et al. [3] C4AF Orthorhombic De la Torre et al. [3] Gypsum Monoclinic De la Torre et al. [4] Bassanite Monoclinic Weiss et al. [5] CH Hexagonal Taylor [1] Ettringite Hexagonal Taylor [1] Monosulphate Hexagonal Taylor [1] C3AH6 Cubic Taylor [1] C4AH13 Hexagonal Taylor [1] There are several methods that have been used to quantify the mineralogical composition of anhydrous and hydrated Portland cement, including point-counting, Bogue calculation, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) [2].
Taylor, Cement Chemistry, second ed., Thomas Telford Ltd., London, 1997
Aranda, Structure and microstructure of gypsum and its relevance to Rietveld quantitative phase analyses, Powder Diffr. 19 (2004) 240-246

Novel High-rate Lithium Intercalation Electrode Materials Prepared by LiOH Solution Treatment of TiO2/Carbon Composites Hideyuki MORIMOTO, Kenji KURITA, Tetsuya MATSUDA, and Shin-ichi TOBISHIMA Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Gunma University,1-5-1 Tenjin-cho, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan Keywords: LiTiO2, Anatase-type TiO2, Carbon, Lithium intercalation electrodes, Composite electrodes, Hybrid capacitor ABSTRACT Anatase-type TiO2-based oxide gel /carbon composites were treated chemically with LiOH aqueous solution at 60 ºC.
X-ray diffraction measurement, transmission electron microscope (TEM) observation, and thermogravimetric (TG) analysis have been carried out to examine crystalline structure, morphology, and the weight of carbon in the composite materials, except AB, after the alkaline treatment, respectively.
For treatment in LiOH solution, the main diffraction peaks (2θ = approximately 45º and 65º) may be contributed to cubic-LiTiO2 of rock salt structure, except the peaks of carbon (acetylene black).
The result means that the structure of the compound contributed to LiTiO2 should be quite stabilization for electrochemical lithium insertion-extraction.

The ordered structure L12 can be sheared by matrix dislocations traveling in pairs, thus forming a total Burgers vector 2(a/2)[110] twice as long as in fcc crystals.
The low energy of interphase boundaries g\g’ provides high stability of g - g’ microstructure against the process of diffusion coarsening at elevated temperatures, and the formation of APBs in the ordered structure of g’ phase triggers one of the most effective mechanisms of hardening.
The chemistry of the EP741NP under investigation is given in Table 1 [10].
One can expect the change of several structure factors when the size of g’ phase particles reduces: a) increase of the number of g’ particles, b) increase of the interphase boundaries g/g’ in the specific area and c) decrease of the width of the layers of g matrix between the particles of g’ phase.

The device is composed of fixtures that are fixed to the structure to maintain strength of the measuring device.
The lower part was fixed to structures such as I-beam by bolts and nuts. 1121 23 1121 2 1121 23 cos) cos(sin sin)sin( ]cos) cos([cos θ θθθ θ θθ θ θθθ l lP l lP l l P z y x +− = +−= +− = (1) Data acquisition and monitoring program Now, a program is developed to gather the data, set the limit data and monitor on-line data of piping displacement [4].
The internal cross section was designed in accordance with heat-dispersing structure, maximizing the heat-proof effect.
In the case of 'T' fossil plant, piping displacement out of the design displacement range was found, indicating that an adjustment of hanger that is supporting the piping was necessary for better management of fossil plant durability. 3) The developed system is expected to greatly contribute to stable operations of main steam pipe line if it is applied to various power plants and further applied to high-temperature and high-pressure piping such as in the nuclear power plant, combined cycle power plant and in the oil-chemistry industry.

Cross-linking acid is mainly composed of hydrochloric acid, thickener ,cross-linking agent and other additives, which cross-linking agent can form a new chemical bond with linear macromolecules to form a mesh body structure.
When the crosslinker is in low concentration, there are little complex-ions in the solution with little net-structure formed, and as a result, it shows long cross-linking time and weak gel strength.
It is more likely for them to collide with each other and easier for them to form a high-viscous net-structure with the Zr-crosslinker to form a strong gel.
Oilfield Chemistry, 25 (2008): 325~327

Synthesis, characterization and photocatalytic activity of AgCl loaded on TiO2/SBA-15 composites Geer Yi1,a, Chunfang Du1,b*, Yiguo Su1,c, Zhiliang Liu1,d 1College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, China ahappywowo@163.com, bcedchf@imu.edu.cn, ccesyg@imu.edu.cn, dcezlliu@imu.edu.cn Keywords: Photocatalytic activity; silver chloride; TiO2/SBA-15 composites; methyl orange Abstract: TiO2/SBA-15 and AgCl loaded on TiO2/SBA-15(AgCl-TiO2/SBA-15) composites were synthesized by a facile method.
From Fig.2a and Fig.2b, it is can be observed that the host matrix SBA-15 showed regular arrangement of pore structures.
Similarly, the HRTEM images of ATS (0.17) (Fig. 2c and Fig.2d) composite displayed well-maintained and well-ordered mesoporous structure.
The N2 adsorption-desorption showed the typical type IV isotherm demonstrating the ordered mesoporous structure for SBA-15, and the hysteresis loop at higher P/P0 indicated the larger pore size.

Aluminum and its alloys solidify in a coarse columnar structure of large grain size [3].
Thus Al is grain refined by different elements such as titanium (Ti) or Ti +boron (B) since mid fifties to produce fine and homogeneous structure of Al and its alloys, to enhance its mechanical properties and surface quality, [4].
The literature on the effect of addition of different grain refiners to Al and its alloys to improve their metallurgical structure and their mechanical properties e.g. hardness, fracture, toughness and fatigue strength is voluminous.
[10] A.J.Meixner: Chemistry Laboratory, The University of Siegen, Germany, Retrieved from http://www2.uni-siegen.de/~pci/versuche/english/v44-24-1.html, (2000)

Structure of amylose is reported to be a single helix chain with hydrophobic cavity and hydrophilic outer cavity, thus it can function as a host molecule to complex hydrophobic guest molecules by hydrophobic interactions to form inclusion complexes.
Lipids can be complexed into the helix structure of amylase by hydrophobic interactions, which eventually formed stable amylose- lipid complexes [3].
[12]Ann-Charlotte Eliasson: Starch in Food: Structure, Function and Applications (China Light Industry Press Publications,Beijing 2009)
[13]Hongzhuo Tan, Bin Tan and Hong GAO.: Journal of Food Science and Biotechnology.Vol.27.p.21-27(In Chinese) [14]Jing Liu, Guanghua Zhang.: China Condiment.(2008),p.36-39(In Chinese) [15] Bengang Li, Liming Zhang.: Progress in Chemistry.