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Consequently, the type of nanoparticle is a main factor in improving the heat transfer rate.
To improve the thermophysical properties of these fluids, solid particles with excellent thermal characteristics and nanometric sizes are introduced into the base fluid.
The thermophysical properties of the nanofluid are constant, except for the variation in density, which is estimated by the Boussinesq approximation.
The material properties were determined using the abovementioned models, with the nanoparticulate volume fraction as the basis for calculation.
Table 1 provides information on the physical properties of Cu, Al2O3, TiO2 nanoparticles, and water.

Mechanical fatigue tests were conducted on specimens of A356-T6 casting alloys under multi-axial cyclic loadings with 5 loading paths (proportional, circular, square, diamond, and ellipse path).
The interaction mechanism among the dislocations, particles and grain boundaries is important with regards to the view properties of the material.
It is therefore concluded that the TEM specimen preparation procedure could only introduce little dislocations that could affect the results of the present study.
Multi-axial Fatigue Properties.
And it indicated that additional hardening is not only affected by stacking fault energy, but also by other factors such as microstructures of material.

Pure titanium and titanium alloys are materials widely used in orthopaedics and dental surgery because of their mechanical properties, chemical stability and biocompatibility.
Little is known about the structural and chemical surface properties that may influence biological responses [3].
Pure titanium and titanium alloys are materials widely used in orthopaedics and dental surgery because of their mechanical properties, chemical stability and biocompatibility [4-5].
Several interesting down-regulated genes encode for growth factors.
Discussion Titanium and titanium alloys are widely used as implant materials due to their excellent biocompatibility and mechanical properties.

In recent years, with materials continuously towards high performance, multi-functional and lightweight direction, more requirements were put forward on the properties of copper alloy.
Hence, it is clearly significant to improve properties of copper alloy.
Cryogenic treatment can not only increase the properties of metal materials, extend the service life of parts and simple non-polluting, but also reveal the organization’s evolution and the relationship between microstructure and properties after the cryogenic treatment of metal materials.
The investigation about the cryogenic treatment of copper alloy has been more, and these studies mainly focus on the cryogenic treatment which applied in microstructure and properties [5-7], but few reports were about solid-state phase transformation of copper alloy after cryogenic treatment, because the solid phase transformation of copper alloys affects the final microstructure and properties.
Qi: Diffusions and phase transformations in solid metals(Mechanical Industry Press, China 1998) [12]W.G.

Introduction Particle reinforcement is unanimously considered a most promising method to improve mechanical properties of lightweight alloys, based mostly on aluminum, magnesium or titanium.
For higher deformation factors there are no clusters exceeding 640 µm2.
The tendencies observed on 10 vol.% (the reduction of the number of huge clusters with the increase of deformation factor and the increase in the uniformity of the spatial distribution of the particles with the increase of deformation factor) remain valid for the 5 and 20 vol.%.
-A. - Contributions to Thermo-Mechanical Processing of Al-Based Particle-Reinforced Composites, Proceedings of Colloquium of European Centre For Emerging Materials And Processes Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, December 2010, ISBN 978-3-00-032522-9, pp. 229-253
[3] Sahin Y. - Preparation and some properties of SiC particle reinforced aluminium alloy composites, Materials & Design, Volume 24, Issue 8, December 2003

They are two important factors for gaining the desired structural behavior subjected to the earthquake.
The physical and chemical properties of cement are in compliance with ASTM C150 [41].
Ceqen, Effect of coarse aggregate type on mechanical properties of concretes with different strengths, Cement and Concrete Research. 27 (2) (1997) 165-170. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(97)00006-9
Al-Harthy, Effect of copper slag and cement by-pass dust addition on mechanical properties of concrete, Construction and Building Materials. 20 (5) (2006) 322-331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2005.01.020
Rahal, Mechanical properties of concrete with recycled coarse aggregate, Building and Environment. 42 (1) (2007) 407-415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2005.07.033

In order to better describe the micro-cracks closure under compressive stress state and its effect in both the material properties (elastic modulus, hardening modulus, …) and the damage growth, a modified damage criterion differentiating between the tensile and the compressive stress states is used following the idea originally proposed by [5] and recently used in [10] for cold extrusion problem.
Tη is the thermal expansion parameter of the material, () ()( ) () EE T1 1 21 112 21 ν Λ= ⊗+ +ν − ν +ν is the fourth order symmetric elastic properties tensor for the isotropic material where E is the Young modulus and ν is the Poisson coefficient To take into account the thermal coupling, all the material parameter should be decreasing functions of the absolute temperature T.
On the other hand, if hclo=0 the damage has no effect on the mechanical properties when the stress state is compressive.
The different materials and thermal parameters are given in the Table 1 and 2 Table 1: Thermo elastic material properties E (GPa) ν Cv (J.kg-1.C -1) K (W.m -1.C 1) ηT (C -1) T0 (°C) Tf (°C) 205 0.28 475 32 12.5 25 1520 Table 2: Viscoplastic, hadening and ductile damage properties σy MPa Q MPa b C MPa a Kv MPa nV S MPa s β Y0 MPa ω hclo 650 720 3 2000 30 100 10 3.8 1.2 1 0 6 0.01 The Coulomb friction model is used with μ=0.04 corresponding to coated contact condition..
Now if the punch velocity is increased to 1000 mm/s (Fig 6a and Fig 6d), no significant change is observed, just the accumulated plastic strain along the outside surface seems affected.

Moreover, CLR sensors show, as for PPy sensors, thermoresistive properties, with reported TCR values of about 0.08 °C -1 [8].
A reduction of the driving fields may be achieved with new elastomers offering intrinsically superior electromechanical properties.
Both these factors synergically contributed to a remarkable increase of the electromechanical response, which reached a maximum at 1 wt% content of conjugated polymer.
Pyroelectric properties are shown by several electroactive polymers [23].
Summary Advantages deriving from the exploitation of intrinsic multifunctional properties of several electroactive polymers have been shown.

Stabilisation offers a method of improving the inherent properties of soil.
The stabiliser will affect the physical properties of the soil including the maximum dry density and Atterberg limits.
Modern earth masonry : Structural properties and structural design.
Engineering properties of unfired clay masonry bricks.
Strength and elastic properties of stabilized mud block masonry using cement-soil mortars.

Introduction The superconducting property of Bi-2223/Ag tapes depends strongly on several process parameters, including the precursor powder, the mechanical deformation, the annealing atmosphere and temperature, the annealing time as well as the exact heating and cooling cycles [1,2].
Phase composition in the precursor powder has been proved to play an important role in determining the properties of Bi-2223/Ag tapes [3].
Some minor phases are also believed to affect the microstructure and properties of Bi-2223/Ag tapes, such as the lead-rich phases in BSCCO materials [4,5].
The effect of Ca2PbO4 phase on the phase formation, the microstructure and properties of Bi-2223/Ag tapes has been investigated extensively [6].
However, the formation condition and the effect of the 3321 phase on the properties of Bi-2223/Ag tapes have received less attention.