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Controlled hydrolysis of cellulose nanocrystal was determined by five important factors; i) concentration of cellulose pulp, ii) acid concentration, iii) reaction temperature, iv) reaction time and v) duration period of ultrasonification [5].
The characterization instruments that were used to measure different properties of nanofiber are FESEM, TGA, and DSC.
These instruments were used to measure the physical and thermal properties of the nanofibers.
Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) In this research, TGA instrument was used to study the thermal properties by using Mettler Toledo- TGA/ DSC1.
Westman, Crystalline Nanocellulose - Preparation, Modification, and Properties, in: Cellul. - Fundam.

Carbon fibers reinforced Si-HA bone cements composites were prepared and the influences of processing factors on the flexural strength of the prepared composites were investigated.
When the composites are affected by external force, the matrix can transfer it to the interface between fibers and matrix.
With the increase of carbon fibers volume fraction to 5.0% (Fig.2c), the conglomeration of the fibers in the matrix is observed, which may result in the decrease in mechanical properties of the composites.

This is a limiting factor for optical measurement methods.
They amplify the sensor signals by a factor of 2000.
This torque affects the measurement result.
First it has to be extendible to implement complex mechanical properties of the CMM, second it has to feature a sufficient numerical accuracy and last it has to be fast.

Jayakumar 2,b 1,2Department of Mechanical Engineering, SSN College of Engineering, Kalavakkam, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India aemail: LakshminarayananAK@ssn.edu.in bemail: JayakumarKS@ssn.edu.in Keywords: friction extrusion, magnesium machied chips, microstructure, strength.
The strength and microstructure of the pure Mg wires are strongly affected by the heat generation which is influenced by the rotational speed.
However, the range of parameters selected depends on many factors such as the wire diameter, initial base metal properties like yield strength, chip size and container size.

Numerical analysis on the temperature field in laser-plasma hybrid welding of an aluminum alloy Li Zhininga ,Chang Baohuab ,Du Dong c,Zhang Hua d Department of Mechanical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials Processing Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R.China a lizn03@mails.tsinghua.edu.cn, bbhchang@tsinghua.edu.cn, cdudong@tsinghua.edu.cn, d zhanghua@tsinghua.edu.cn Keywords: Laser-plasma hybrid welding; Finite element method; Numerical simulation; Al-Li alloy Abstract.
Introduction The experiments have proved that the distance between the two heat sources is a main process parameter that affects the weld quality of laser-plasma arc hybrid welding [1, 2].
Because the plasma temperature, the electron and ion densities have Gaussian distributions in space; the laser energy loss factor, which shows the interaction between those two sources, is determined by: 2 0 2 3 exp arc d R α α  − =     (4) Where d is distance between the centers of the two heat sources, α0 is maximum energy loss factor when d is 0.
The thermal property values of 1420 Al-Li alloy are shown in Table 1.
Fig. 2 The mesh of computation Table 1 Thermal property data of 1420 Al-Li alloy used in computation Parameter Value Solidus temperature, Ts [℃] 560 Liquidus temperature, Tl [℃] 650 Density, ρ [kg.m-3] 2500 Latent heat of fusion, L [J/kg] 3.91×105 Specific heat, Cp [J/kg.℃] 1203 Results and Discussion Molten Pool Shapes for Different Distances of Heat Sources.

Introduction Typically the refractory materials are selected on the basis of their physical and thermo-mechanical properties.
Fig. 2: Plot of Delta G of reaction versus SiO2 activity at process temperatures The extent of the reaction, thence the effect on the refractory material depends on kinetic factors and on the amount of silica present in the refractory.
Fig. 3: Layout of the experiment for testing and determining the penetration depth of alkalis in the refractory samples The corrosion experiments did not affect the dimensions of the refractories samples showing no apparent material dissolution probably due to the short time allowed for the present experiments.

The crystallographic texture is a very important feature, especially when it concerns properties presenting a high degree of anisotropy, as for instance the magnetization of the material: iron is easily magnetized when the electrical field is applied parallel to the <100> directions of the crystals, while a field applied in the <111> direction will need a higher field before the saturation magnetization is reached.
The formation of Goss grains at shear bands is well studied: under appropriate conditions shears band form preferentially in grains of {111}<112> orientation, which have a high Taylor factor, giving rise to predominantly Goss oriented nuclei.
The disordered surface layer may be important with regards to the fabrication of the steel by rolling and determining mechanical behavior of the material because it will interact with the mechanical or chemical environment (crack nucleation, coating…).
The diffusion of Si and Al from the coating affects the final texture depending on the Si content of the substrate.
The Fe3Si layer presents an intense cube texture, whose development could be very interesting for the magnetic properties and will be further studied.

a abraham.salehi@smithnephew.com, bstanley.tsai@smithnephew.com, c vivek.pawar@smithnephew.com, djeff.sprague@smithnephew.com, e gordon.hunter@smithnephew.com, gsvarma@unmc.edu, f fnamavar@unmc.edu Keywords: wettability, alumina, zirconia, cobalt chrome, oxidized zirconium Abstract: The wettability behavior of orthopaedic materials influences the fluid film layer that affects both the friction and wear of the articulating surfaces in total joint arthroplasty.
The scratch resistant property and more lubricious surface offered by the alumina ceramic were shown in clinical conditions to reduce polyethylene wear [4-6].
Despite the mechanical limitations of ceramics, clinical comparisons have shown that the use of ceramic surfaces can reduce polyethylene wear [8].
These factors are important for determining the friction that will be present in the tribological system.

However, a different and expeditious laboratory procedure can be used to predict the amount of expansion that may be expected over a number of months or years, and also further the knowledge about the kinetics of the phenomenon and the variables that affect it.
However, the differences in mineralogy due to the change in the firing temperature, can dominate over the other factors.
However, low firing temperatures are detrimental to other properties, namely, water absorption and mechanical strength.

The model is good or bad will affect the overall results and the similarity of the model should be based on the actual shape of the building structures.
For the production of the Electrical and Mechanical Services Department Building model, for example, the first CAD drawing, then CAD engineering drawings imported into 3D Max in a top plan view, elevations, the use of single-sided modeling the model for extruding, drawing, and other operations;3d Max software provides Boolean operations, Union (and), intersection (AC), Subtraction (less) Three methods to create a three-dimensional model.
The material is a 3D MAX system for a simulation of the real object visual effects, including color, light, transparency, surface properties and surface texture, and other factors.