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In the gas-solid flow process, the resistance which acts on gas mainly reflects the inertial effects of the gas, but also it is influenced by many factors, such as particle Reynolds number, flow of the turbulent motion, compressibility of the gas, gas temperature, shapes of the particles and the concentration, etc.
We usually choose single grain to study in Scientific researches, that is free settlement.

A large number of literature reports indicate that the experimental special capacity can reach 150~l60mAh/g.
The scanning electron microscope (SEM, VEGA II XMH) was used to observe the grain morphology.The electrochemical properties of Li4Ti5O12 electrodes were determined from Li/1 M LiPF6 in ethylene carbonate and diethy carbonate (EC-DEC 1:1 w/w)/ Li4Ti5O12 cells by using a LAND Battery Program-control Test System.

They found that the grain size is increase with Ag doping until the maximum value then decrease.
Recently, the new formula of YBaCuO superconductor were synthesized as Y5-6-11, Y7-9-16,Y358, Y5-8-13, Y7-11-18, Y156, Y3-8-11, and Y13-20-23, where the numbers indicate Y, Ba, and Cu atoms respectively [10, 11].

(13) Of course, the transition to dimensionless variables reduces the number of model parameters, i.e. its investigation will be easier.
Popova, Sharkeev Y.P., Modifying the structural phase state of fine-grained titanium under conditions of ion irradiation. 76, 11, (2012) 1238-1245

Results and discussion Fig. 1(a) shows the as-cast microstructures of AZ31 magnesium substrate, it indicates the grains sizes of α-Mg is from ~50 to 80 μm.
As Mg and Zn atoms diffuse rapidly, a large number of Mg7Zn3 phase is formed in the transition region. 3.

In order to improve the wetting property of the melted powder, the plate surface was sandblasted with #35 of average grain size[5].
The thickness of the beam model which was varied by the number of forming layers was ranged 1 - 30 mm.
Fig. 6 showed the influences of the layered number on the base plate deformation and the residual stress at the consolidated surface under the base plate height of ts=20 mm.
The deformation height and residual stress increased with the increase of the layered number, and then became almost constant when the layered number was over 400 layers.
The increase of the residual stress was due to the increase of the consolidated layer, which was equal to the laser irradiation number.

In this work, three points nearest neighbor approach is used for determining the number of contacting asperity (number of local maxima).
However, for grinding surface the number of contacting asperity is much higher than turned surface.
However, number of contacting asperity for honed surface is higher than turned surface and lowers than grinding surface.
Fig. 8 Variation of (a) dimensionless wear depth (hw) with number of cycles (b) dimensionless mean contact pressure (pmean) with number of cycles (c) dimensionless real area of contact (Areal) with number of cycles (d) dimensionless mean asperity radius (R) with number of cycles, Fapp = 20 N, δ = 200 µm, H = 1.50 GPa 4.
Haefke “Friction and Wear Behavior of Austenitic Stainless Steel: Influence of Atmospheric Humidity, Load Range, And Grain Size,” Tribol.

Measurements were taken with a Pundit instrument (C.N.S Farnel electronics), using conical transducers, that were placed indirectly and parallel to the grain since "direct" measurements were impossible to be taken due to poor signal propagation owed to the heavily decayed surface of sample.
Four drills perpendicular to the grain were made per sample, at the same spots where ultrasound testing was deployed.
For samples S3 and S4, graded both as "severely attacked", the x-ray result showed a different preservation condition, where S4 appeared to be more solid than S3 and enclosed a high number of knots.

As a result of this process, the crystal lattice is distorted, the number of defects in it and the free energy of the system grows, forming an anisotropy of properties in the metal [7, 8].
In this case, due to the interaction between grains separated by a distortion boundary and a decrease in grain size, deformation resistance increases.

Polymer-matrix Nanocomposites are increasingly been applied as structural materials in the aerospace, automotive and chemical industries, in a number of tribological applications including such components as bearings, gears, cams, seals, vacuum pumps particularly in areas where traditional fluid lubricants cannot be used. [4].
The crystallite size of TiO2 nanoparticles can be obtained based on Scherer equation as shown below:- D= 0.9λ / β cos θ (2) where: - D is the grain size, the λ diffraction wavelength equal (0.1541 nm), β is the Full With at Half Maximum must be in rad and θ is the diffraction angle.
The crystallite size is determined at FWHM (0.17) at 27.4˚ peaks based on Scherer equation, the grain size is 47.23 nm in diameter [14].