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A number of crack growth laws like the Paris law and the empirical formula of Forman were developed to predict the crack growth rate [2].
The finest mesh size used was 0.06mm, which is about two to three times of the grain size of 16MnR steel.

Introduction A significant number of studies in materials science are devoted to the issues of structure and properties formation of the materials in the process of crystallization.
For instance, for antifriction bronze grades (tin-leaded bronzes) a change in the cooling rate during crystallization leads to a change in the shape of lead inclusions, grain size, dendritic matrix cell parameters, and the amount of solid eutectoid.

After deformation in elevated temperature a smaller number of twins are observed and, moreover, the process of dynamic recrystallization begins to microstructure (Fig. 4b).
Elongated grains free from twins can be observed.

Test points selection shown in Figure 7 (Top to bottom, numbered 1 to 6).
Table 1 Hardness comparison between the parts of overlap and cladding layer (HV) Overlap way Test point 1 2 3 4 5 6 Little beam with broad beam Little beam layer 545.6 554.8 534.5 527.5 274.3 180.5 Broad beam layer 535.7 550.6 521.8 513.4 251.5 175.3 Overlap part 601.9 614.3 600.3 565.3 303.1 174.8 Broad beams Cladding layer 518.2 539.7 506.2 500.3 242.3 176.7 Overlap part 565.3 581 534.1 517.9 286.9 175.9 The analysis shows that the surface hardness of the test points is higher than other parts, it is because it has a large temperature gradient, resulting in fine grain, making the surface more excellent performance [6].

Motor Drive Control based on Microcontroller and PID Jingjun Cui Key Laboratory of Grain and Oil Processing of Jilin Province, Jilin Business and Technology College, Changchun, China Keywords: Incremental PID technology; STM32F103RB8; motor control; Current Monitoring Abstract: This paper describes the incremental PID control algorithm and the basic principles of motor soft start, and introduced STM32F103RB8 basic performance microcontroller, combined with incremental PID control advantages, and gives MCU in motor soft start process control application.
Discreteness Leaves t = kT: Where: T is the sampling period; k is the sample number (k-0, 1,2, ....)

Experimental Preparation Process Alumina powder (ALCOA, mean grain size of 3,68µm) was mixed with 3wt% of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as a binder, and ammonium poly(methacrylate) (NH4PMA) as a dispersant.
When there is a great concentration of positive and negative ions in water, an increase occurs in the number of ions in the diffuse layer, which, to remain electrically neutral, needs to reduce its volume (thickness decrease), such that the Van der Waals forces become dominant.

Andesites are fine-grained, light gray coloured, they contain feldspar and quartz with significant pyroxene and amphibole excrescences.
Their level of detail is directly dependent on the number of measured points that form the vertices of the triangles.

Direct roof of 2# coal seam is mudstone and in 1m thickness and carbargilite in 3.2m thickness, and the old roof is medium-grained sandstone whose intensity is much larger.
In order to analyze the variance of overburden displacement with work face mining, a number of measuring points were arranged, which were the intersections of nine horizontal lines and 18 vertical lines, a total of 162 points.

Combined with figure 9(b), we can find that there is a clearly brittle fracture tendency along the transverse of solder cladding, not appear a large number of crystals.
The distribution and size of hard grains of solder in sealing layer is relatively uniform. 

The grain peaks particles of a-C:B film became low and dense and therefore surface roughness decreased gradually from 0.532 nm to 0.75 nm.
The improvement of conversion efficiency might be attributed from the successful boron incorporation with carbon network, which therefore increases the number of holes and as a result increases the current density of the a-C:B film.