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It has been reported that residual stresses may cause brittle fracture, crack propagation, fatigue life reduction and stress corrosion cracking [1-2].
(a) Three-dimensional illustration of model geometry, (b) finite element meshes A set of mechanical and thermal material property data at different temperatures is shown in Fig.2.

To data, various technologies have been developed to prepare nano-structured materials, amongst them, template method is one of the most controllable and efficient ways widely used.
While the template film is annealed at 400 o C, spheric pores in the nickel film after template removal separate again besides some of holes' aggregations as shown in fig. 2(d), mainly because of the reduction of surface areas of spherical particles as partially sintered at a higher temperature.

Introduction It is known, that phase transition temperature in ferromagnetic, antiferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic ultrathin films decreases with reduction of its thickness [see, for example, 1 - 4].
Table Crystalline lattice Argument λ Calculated values Simple cubic (SU (100)) 1.802 Body-centered (BCC (100)) 1.599 Body-centered (BCC (110)) 1.609 Face-centered (FCC (100)) 1.581 Face-centered (FCC (111)) 1.585 Experimental values obtained at films CoOSiO2 λexp=1.55±0.05 [1], λexp=1.60±0.1 [2] It results from the table that values of λ calculated by us, are rather close to experimental data obtained in respect of films CoOSiO2 in which CoO has a simple crystalline structure kind of NaCl with FCC lattice.

The transmission losses calculation is the foundation of the electricity sector's energy consumption calculation, statistics, analysis and loss reduction.
References [1] XU hanping, HOU Jinfeng, SHI Liuzhong. calculation method of power system line losses based on data of state estimation. power system technology, 2003，23(7)：59-62

The UPS is usually used in a communication systems, data processing systems, medical equipment, and computers.
In order to achieve these requirements, the PFC improvement and harmonics reduction were applied in to inverter system.

The FIT2D software was used for radial-data-integration into the 2Θ space [6].
The increase of current density of electrodeposition process resulted in decreasing of Co concentration in Ni-Co solid solution which led to the reduction of lattice parameter.

Introduction The development of magnetic nanoparticles has been intensively pursued due to their broad applications including biomedical system, magnetic data storage, and catalysis [1-3].
Finite size effects have been reported to be responsible for the reduction of saturation magnetization of nano CoFe2O4 [11].

In recent years, due to the continuous development of computer hardware, the constant improvement of the speed and ability of data processing, as well as the continuous perfection and development of computer technology, image processing and pattern recognition technique, many domestic and foreign universities and research institutions have tried to use computer to replace artificial detection[2].
Its features and advantages are high degree of automation, the reduction of artificial error and interference, great handling capacity of information, rapid and convenient to storage and retrieval, etc.

The complex and changing engineering geological conditions,the limitations of survey data and the imperfect related design theory make the project encounter some inevitably accidents.
,J.C.Hershey,and H.Kumreuther,2000,Determinants of priority for risk reduction:the role of worry,Risk Analysis 20(4),413-427 [6] LI Jing-jing, HU Hao, XIA Xiao-he.

To achieve cost reduction, the energy transfer from the high pressure water jet to the fabric need be understood.
The standard K- model employs values for the constants that are arrived at by comprehensive data fitting for a wide range of turbulent flows [7]: =1.44, =1.92, =1.00, =1.30.