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Foreign and domestic normal used methods for reducing erosion, besides increasing pipe thickness and selecting erosion resisting material, mainly include using surface engineering technology.
Journal of Thermal Spray Technology. 1998, 7 (2): 173-178 [2] Deng Shijun.
Surface Engineering Manual.
The Ninth International Hot Spraying Seminar.
Doctoral Dissertation of Armored Engineering Institute. 2005: 90-110 [10] C.

Determination of Lead Traces by Stripping Voltammetry using Ti(N,C) working electrodes Marta Ziemnicka1, a, Bogusław Baś2,b , Mateusz Jeż3,c and Ludosław Stobierski 1,2,3,4 Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. 
Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland aziemnicka@gmail.com, bbas@agh.edu.pl, c mateusz.jez@agh.edu.pl, d stobier@agh.edu.pl Keywords: Ceramic electrodes, Titanium carbanitride, stripping voltammetry, Lead determination Abstract.
Vuki: Microchemical Journal 62, 121-127 (1999)
Latini: International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 32, 2007, 4692-4701 [11] B.
Chuang: Ceramics International 30(2004), 705-714

References [1] Guler, M.A., Erdogan, F., 2004, Contact mechanics of graded coatings, International Journal of Solids and Structures 41, 3865–3889
[2] Jitcharoen, J., Padture, N.P., Giannakopoulos, A.E., Suresh, S., 1998, Hertzian crack suppression in ceramics with elastic modulus graded surfaces, Journal of the American Ceramic Society 81, 2301–2308
[3] Suresh, S., Olsson, M., Giannakopoulos, A.E., Padture, N.P., Jitcharoen, J., 1999, Engineering the resistance to sliding contact damage through controlled gradients in elastic properties at contact surfaces, Acta Materialia 47, 3915–3926
[5] Guler, M.A., Erdogan, F., 2007, The frictional sliding contact problems of rigid parabolic and cylindrical stamps on graded coatings, International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 49, 161–182
[6] Ke, L.L., Wang, Y.S., 2006, Two dimensional contact mechanics of functionally graded materials with arbitrary variations of material properties, International Journal of Solids and Structures 43, 5779–5798

The porosity of the top ceramic coat varies from region to region thus the porosity range of the YSZ top coat varies from 8 % to 13 %.
Acknowledgments The authors acknowledge the support of various divisions of M/s Hindustan Aeronautics Limited, Bangalore, Karnataka, India viz., Engine Division, Process Shop, Metallurgical and Material Engineering Division and the Department of Aeronautical Engineering, Sri Ramakrishna Engineering College, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India for the successful completion of this study through the industry – academia collaborative research project.
References [1] Tamarin Y., Protective coating for turbine blades, ASM International, Materials Park, OH 44073-0002, USA, ISBN: 0-87170-759-4, 2002
[3] Asok Kumar N., Kale S.R., Numerical simulation of steady state heat transfer in a Ceramic-coated gas turbine blade, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 45(2002) 4831-4845
[4] Antonio Licciulli,Thermal barrier coatings for aeronautic engines turbine blades’’, Science Technology of Ceramic Materials,2002

A review of two-step sintering for ceramics.
Ceramics International. 2016; 42, 12556–12572
Conventional and two step sintering of PZT-PCN ceramics. 
Ceramics International. 2017; 43(11), 8269-8275
International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE). 2019; 8(1S2), 41-50.

The powder material used in the flame spray is an advanced ceramic.
Panda, “High temperature ceramic radomes (HTCR) – A review,” Ceramics International.
Students, “Design and Analysis of Different Types of Aircraft Radome,” International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT), 2015, [Online].
Jagannadha Raju, “Parametric optimization of Edm on Hastelloy C-276 Using Taguchi L18 Technique,” International Journal of Engineering and Technology(UAE), vol. 7, no. 2.7 Special Issue  7, pp. 714–716, 2018, doi: 10.14419/ijet.v7i2.7.10929
Kumar Reddy, “Wear behavior of carbide tool coated with Yttria-stabilized zirconia nano particles.,” in IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Physics Publishing, May 2018. doi: 10.1088/1757-899X/346/1/012007

However, since the underwater acoustic transponder is made of conventional piezoelectric ceramic with the nonlinear response, we designed a kind of hydroacoustic transponder based on laser interferometer.
It is based on the principle of laser interferometry to detect weak signals, avoiding the non-linear response of the inherent piezoelectric ceramics, with a wide detection range and high precision.
The power amplifier changes the frequency signal into sine wave signal and makes amplification on the sine wave which is used to control the piezoelectric ceramic 1, and then modulates the intensity of the interference pattern.
The pulse-back module consists of the automatically adjusting gain module, transmitter module and a piezoelectric ceramic.
Journal of Basic Engineering, 1960 82 (1): 35–45

Ghani1,d 1 Department of Mechanical & Material Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Building Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia. 2 Department of Fabrication and Joining Technology, Universiti Kuala Lumpur-MFI, 43650, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia. 3 School of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
Mordike: Journal of the European Ceramic Society 17 (1997) p. 1867
Qiang: Material Science and Engineering A 392 (2005) p. 366
Cimenoglu: Tribology International 39 (2006) p. 213
Al-Qutub: The Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, Volume 34 (1B) (2009) p. 205

Nanotechnology will be linked with the complex phase modifing principle of multiphase ceramic materials in this paper[5,6].
Mani et al: Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 90-10 (2007), p.3091
Bu et al: Rare Metal Materials and Engineering, Vol. 36 (2007), p.826.
Zaharescu et al: Journal of the European Ceramic Society, Vol.18 (1998), p.1257
Nagano et al: Ceramics International, Vol. 25 (1999), p.681.

Journal of Material Science Vol.21 (2010), p.246-251 [4] S.C.
Ceramics International Vol.33 (2007), p.301-303 [5] K.
Materials Science and Engineering Vol.
Journal of Material Science Vol.23 (2012), p.2229-2234 [9] K.J.
Technology Engineering Vol.549 (2004)