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This number is expected to continue to increase in the next few decades.
The advantages of investment casting are that it can form complex castings, the details of the resulting castings are very fine and thin parts can be produced, dimensional accuracy is very good, does not require advanced machining, can control grain size, grain orientation, and directional solidification.
Shrinkage Porosity Three factors are taken into consideration in assessing the quality of the castings, namely the porosity, gas inclusions and grain size[25].

Natural pearls are formed when a small foreign object, such as a parasite, grain of sand, or piece of food, lodges itself in the gonad or mantle tissue of a mollusc or oyster.
Measurements: X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis was carried out for grain size determination of nano crystalline materials and peak profile analysis on fine powder of pearl sample to investigate its microstructure.
The small spikes in the XRD pattern indicate the presence of small sized grain in it.
The functional group region shows absorption marked wave number between 4000 to about 600 cm-1 as shown in Figure 5.

Chip formation study will always be relevant in analyzing metal cutting because it present the grain deformation pattern in the chip morphology, enhance the understanding of the Built-up-edge (BUE) phenomenon and it makes clear the alteration of tool geometry due to tool wear [7].
It has 1.5GPa compressive proportional limit and grain size varying from 1-2μm.
Also, the localized shear bands were absent and the grains became squashed and stretched as they pass through the chip root zone.
Submitted 16 March 1987, published 30 March 1990,Bulletin No 12,(1990). p.2, author’s certification number 1553254 of USSR.

We used the model proposed by Koops, according to which the sintered polycrystalline material consists of grains and intergranular layers.
Moreover, the electrical resistance of the latter is much higher than the resistance in the bulk of the grains due to the different content of Fe2+ ions in crystal lattice [37, 38].
To ensure a change in the valence of such a number of iron cations, ~ 5 % of oxygen atoms must evaporate.
Hu, Investigation of grain growth and magnetic properties of low-sintered LiZnTi ferrite-ceramics.

This increase in the mean surface roughness might be related to the film structure throughout the growth mode of the grains, chiefly the Stranski-Krastanov mode.
In this mode, the formation of grain boundaries with limited pores is observed.
Billet, Effect of grain misorientation on the stripe domains in evaporated cobalt films, Eur.
ICOD card number 03-065-3244

The considerably high strain-hardening rate of the Al-6Si-3Cu-0.03Sr-0.5Ni alloy in the early stage of plastic deformation as indicated in Fig. 6, should be attributed to the dispersion of fine intermetallic particles inside grains and around grain boundaries, which resisted slip in the primary phase and grain boundary sliding [18, 19].
The river marking was the result of the crack moving though the dendrites along a number of parallel planes, which formed a series of plateaus and connecting ledges.

The doping elements might enter the gap of the lattice structure of TiO2, or replaced a small number of the elements on the lattice [5].
The average grain size of the doped TiO2 was 17.57 nm according to the Scherrer equation (2) (2) where D was the grain size, k the grain shape factor, about 0.89, λ the X-ray wavelength (Cu Ka radiation, 0.154056 nm), β the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the anatase (101) diffraction line, and θ the anatase (101) Bragg angles(2θ).

Trace V is added to refine the grain.
Abrasive grains were revealed in the blade flank, resulting in the abrasive wear, which is a standard mode of the tool wear associated with the entire cutting process.
The multi-layer structure of the M3 coating exhibits a large number of interfaces and a smaller grain size.

Carbonitriding is a thermochemical treatment successfully used in the motor industry, but fluidized bed carbonitriding is less common due to the large number of variables that are introduced by fluidizing technology [4].
Developing and extending the use of fluidized bed heat treatment installations was and is determined by a number of advantages that these kind of installations can offer [6].
The program developed in MATLAB shows that any amount we require hardness HV5, within those 100, we get a number of technological options which are determined by calculating the optimum in terms of total energy consumption.
Graphical interface made with this program to simulate those situations possible choice of a large number of values for HV5, as shown in Figure 3 where we exemplified those described above for a setpoint hardness HV of 357 MPa.
Gianotti, et al., Grain boundary oxidation in endothermic gas carburising process, in Proceedings of 7th International Tooling Conference, Torino, Italy, May 1–5, (2006) 481

In addition, a number of key technologies were advanced that can be realized by the device, including recycling technologies, polymer ultra-fine filter technology, equipment and structural design, workflow design, etc.
Once, filter and washing equipment were vacuum suction filter cartridge, suction filter tank, etc. and because when filter cloth was as filter media, that penetrating filtering of fine powder was very serious, which led to loss of rare metals in large number; moreover, washing product had dead ends and effects was poor.
Currently, this technology won a number of national patents, at the same time has a project plan approval of SME Technology Innovation Fund of Ministry of Science and Technology with research fund of 0.6 million.
[6] Wenzhou Dong’ou Micropore Filtration Co., Ltd., Technology for fine-grain powder of preparation metal or non-metal’s filtration and washing: China, 200510056166.6 [P]. 2007-02-08