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Equation (2) is then used to further convert the engineering stress and engineering strain into true stress and true strain.
σ and ε represent the engineering stress and engineering strain, respectively; σt and εt represent the true stress and true strain, respectively.
Engineering stress-strain curve of 12X18H10T at different strain rates.
Engineering Mechanics, 2024, 1-8
Effects of Strain Rate and Size on Concrete under Shear Using Push-Off Tests[J].Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 2023, 35(7) [7] I.

These products can be used for civil engineering applications such as pavement blocks, precast concrete blocks, retaining walls, in general the same use as plain concrete.
Minerals Engineering Vol. 20 (2007), p. 1261-1277
Minerals Engineering, Vol. 15, (2002), p.1131-1139

Methods of Structural Engineering of Surface in Solving the Problems of Multifactorial Increase of the Level of Operational Characteristics of Materials VOLKOV Оleh1,a*, SUBBOTINА Valeria1,b, SUBBOTIN Oleksandr1,c, VASILCHENKO Alexey2,d, SHYOGOLEVA Mariy3,e 1National Technical University «Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute», 2, Kyrpychova str., 61002, Kharkiv, Ukraine 2National University of Civil Defence of Ukraine, 94, Chernishevska st., Kharkov, Ukraine, 61023 3Kharkiv National Medical University, 4, Nauky avenue, Kharkiv, 61022, Ukraine аvolkovoleg1978@gmail.com, bsubbotina.valeri@gmail.com, csubbotin.alex95@gmail.com, davas2006@ukr.net, ecattrap.2001@gmail.com Keywords: structural engineering of surface, microarc oxidation, anodic-cathodic mode, electrolyte composition, phase composition, X-ray diffraction analysis, coating thickness, hardness.
In the course of the study, several different methods of surface structural engineering are reviewed.
The processes of surface layer modification usually occur under non-equilibrium conditions and are a component of structural surface engineering.
Structural surface engineering encompasses a set of scientific disciplines and technological methods for targeted changes in the physical and chemical properties of the upper layers of materials by modifying, deforming, applying films, coatings, and protective layers, using various combined methods.
The analysis of the proposed methods of structural engineering of the surface of materials and products made of them shows that the improvement of the operational properties of many types of machine parts, tools, and structural elements is determined mainly by the properties of the surface layers of the parts (hardness, wear resistance, friction coefficient, endurance limit, contact stiffness, corrosion resistance, etc.)

Preparation and Characterization of Al2O3-Al Cermet with Coated Microstructure Using Powder Metallurgy Method Ruihua Wang1, Aixia Chen1,a, Daming Du1, Fang Wang1, Caiwen Li1, Qiumin Zou1, Jieguang Song2,b, Lin Chen2, Chengwei Hao3 1Engineering & Technology Research Center for Materials Surface Remanufacturing of Jiangxi Province, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang 332005 China 2Key Laboratory for Industrial Ceramics of Jiangxi Province, School of Materials and Chemistry Engineering, Pingxiang University, Pingxiang 337055 China 3School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, West Anhui University, Luan 237012, China a93618054@qq.com, bsongjieguang@163.com Keywords: Cermet; Al2O3; Al; coated microstructure; powder metallurgy method.
Cermet includes the excellent properties of ceramic materials and the advantages of metal materials, so it is an important new engineering material.

Sundar1,c, Gautam Majumdar2,d 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dr.
Journal of Advance Industrial Engineering, 2(2) (2014) 50-53
[12] Prasan Kinagi and Mench, A development of quality in casting by minimizing defects, International Journal of Recent Research in Civil and Mechanical Engg., 1(1) (2014) 31-36
[20] Avinash Juriani, Casting defects analysis in foundry and their remedial measures with industrial case studies, IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering, 12(6) (2015) 43-54
Journal of Engineering and Science, 3(8) (2016) 01-10.

Suitability of Eugenia Oleina in Tropical Slope as Bio-anchorage System Youventharan Duraisamy1,a*, Rokiah Othman1,b, Mohd Arif Sulaiman1,c, Ramadhansyah Putra Jaya1,d and Siti Noor Linda Taib2,e 1Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Faculty of Civil Engineering Technology, Pahang, 26300, Malaysia 2Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Department of Civil Engineering, Kuching, 94300, Malaysia ayouventharan@ump.edu.my, brokiah@ump.edu.my, cmdarif@ump.edu.my, dramadhansyah@ump.edu.my, etlinda@unimas.my Keywords: Bio-anchorage system, Direct shear test, Pullout test, Root tensile, Slope stability, Tropical residual soil.
Ecological Engineering, 109, 161-168, 2017
Engineering Geology, 105742, 2020
Electronic Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 15(1), pp.1825-1834, 2010
Ecological Engineering, 109, pp.196-206, 2017

Determination of concrete strength based on the double-hole shear in situ test Wenli Zhu1, a Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xian, Shanxi, China a18740424272@163.com Keywords: double-hole shear method; concrete shear strength; maximum shear stress; concrete compressive strength Abstract The determination of concrete strength in situ plays a critical role in the quality of structural engineering analysis and acceptance.
Materials and Structures,1989,22:P.280-286 [3]Shisheng Shi: Shear strength, modulus of rigidity and young’s modulus of concrete[J].China civil engineering journal,1999,4(2):P.47-52 (In Chinese) [4] JGJ/T 23-2001, Specification for Inspection of Concrete Compressive Strength by Rebound Method [S] (In Chinese) [5] Huizhen Lian: Questioned "rebound method to measure the compressive strength of concrete" [J] Concrete, 2007. (9) :P.1-5 (In Chinese) [6] CECS 02:88 Technical specification for detecting strength of concrete by ultrasonic-rebound combined method [S] (In Chinese) [7] CECS 03:88 Technical specification for testing concrete strength with drilled core [S] (In Chinese) [8] J.

Study on Engineering Materials with Optimization Design of Pile-Anchor Support for Foundation Pit Based on Uniform Test and SVM Response Surface Wenyun Ding1,a, Dangshu Zhao1,b, Jing Cao1,c, and Haiming Liu1,d 1Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China a592938576@qq.com, bdszhao@163.com, ccjlb117@sina.com, dhmliu@kmust.edu.cn Corresponding author: Cao Jing (1966-), Male, Hmong, Doctor, Professor, mainly engaged in researching of Environmental Geotechnical Engineering. 
Through an engineering optimization example, it is showed that this method is not only efficient, but also significantly reduces the engineering quantity and saves engineering materials compared with original design.
Therefore, it meets engineering accuracy requirements.
The eleventh international conference on structural engineering, 2010
Excavation Engineering Manual (Second Edition) [M].

Research on the prediction of high embankment settlement based on the real-time monitoring on-site Huang xing1,2,a, Wei ruming1,b, Yuan ling1,c, Li xiaoqing*1,d 1School of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, HUST,Wuhan,Hubei,China 2Guangdong Provincial Changda Highway Engineering Co.
The accuracy of early settlement prediction of Index curve method was lower than the accuracy of later settlement prediction, but the predicting result met the needs of the engineering accuracy.
These results full explain that the accuracy of Hyperbola method is higher and it is more adapted to settlement prediction analysis in such similar engineering, we can control the situation of embankment settlement in time, and find the related problems in the settlement observation by using of the embankment settlement prediction analysis method to predict the final settlement, and provide reference for engineering construction.
Railway Engineering, 2011, (11):81-83
West-China Exploration Engineering, 2010, 22(11): 227-229

Modeling and Apply Instance for Building Energy-saving Effect evaluation Hong-xia Yang1,a Chao Zhang2,b 1 College of Architecture of Yan'an University, Yan’an Shaanxi 716000,China 2 Wall Reform Office of Yan'an Urban and Rural Construction Planning Bureau, Yan’an Shaanxi 716000 ,China a yanghongxia72@126.com b 158369550@qq.com Keywords: Building energy-saving; Evaluation model; Energy Consumption; Weight Abstract: As a systems engineering, the primary factor of building energy-saving is determined, and the essential factor's reciprocity is researched, and then, divides the multi-essential factors into the tower system hierarchical structure for solving matter about the single index evaluation formed synthesis results of multi index.
Construction efficiency (defined as the amount of labor per square meter per day); cost (as civil works cost).