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It is a critical process that is used both for applying hard coatings to a variety of mechanical components in manufacturing operations and for general re-build of worn or corroded components.
Currently, based on many tests, it is concluded that the fatigue, wear properties of the HVOF WC/12Co, WC/17Co and WC/10Co/4Cr coatings are superior to those of EHC coatings.
Talbe 1 Comparison and evaluation between HVOF and EHC HVOF EHC component size unlimited limited by plating bath component shape fixture need for erose part special anode for erose part inner diameter big inner diameter almost unlimited coating thickness 0.1-2 mm 0.005~0.2 mm efficiency 0.2mm1m2/h 0.025mm1m2/h pre-treatment undercutting, degreasing, roughing, preheating grinding, degreasing, preheating residual stress compressive stress extensive stress coating demerit porosity, about 1.5% hydrogen embitterment post-treatment grinding grinding, baking environment pollution noise and dust, easy to treat Cr+6，difficult to treat Replacement of EHC using HVOF WC/Co coatings Besides the properties between EHC and HVOF WC/Co coatings, cost is another important factor which should be taken into account.
The fatigue, wear resistance properties of the HVOF WC/Co coatings is superior to those of EHC, while corrosion resistance performance almost the same with different corrosion mechanism.
Cost of HVOF is much higher than that of EHC, which greatly affect its application, current application centers airplane and military arm which have relatively higher profits.

Otherwise, the creep and shrinkage of concrete, hydration heat and seasonal temperature difference would significantly affect the mechanical properties of concrete and would produce cracks in the concrete.
Considering the different behavior of concrete under tension and compression [7], it need to add a factor γ in the damage evolution equation.
For tension,, the factor γ=1.
The three damage parameters can be determined, i.e., α1 = 0.3, α2 = 0.7, A = 3.94, tension and compression damage correction factor γ = 0.3.

This phenomenon, which depends on temperature and strain rate [2–4], may affect fatigue properties.
Then, they are ground, using the apparatus shown Fig. 1.b, to obtain a roughness characterized by Rt factor around 40 µm.
Strain-Rate Sensitivity Factor for strain rates from 4x10-3 to 1x10-4 s-1 for polished and ground surface finish in different environments Vacuum Air PWR water Polished (Rt < 1 µm) [7] 20 % 12 % 68 % Ground (Rt » 40 µm) 48 % 41 % 76 % In order to analyze the strain rate effect, the Strain-Rate Sensitivity Factor (SRSF), defined in a given environment by the fatigue life ratio , is considered.
Monteiro, The significance of Dynamic Strain Aging in Austenitic Stainless Steel, in: Second International Conference on Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Boston, 1976: pp. 1697–1701

The nonlinear constitutive material properties of concrete and steel reinforcement were considered in the finite element model.
Material Properties All the specimens were fabricated concrete of grade 40N/mm2.
Since during the FEM, several factors might cause the higher stiffness in the finite element models.
These would reduce the stiffness of the actual specimens, while the finite element models did not include microcracks due to factors that were not incorporated into the models.
Experimental Study on the Fracture Properties of Concrete Beams Post-Strengthened with CFRP Sheets.

The material of the part is cast carbon steel, the properties of which are as follows: the value of elastic modulus is 2 x 105MPa，Poisson's ratio is 0.32, yield strength is 270MPa, tensile strength is 500MP, and mass density is 7.8×106㎏/mm.
So the accuracy and the scale of the finite element model are two contradictory factors [5].
The maximum value is about 193.1MPa, less than the yield strength 270MPa, and the minimum safety factor is 1.4.
Casting Property of the Modified Structure In practice, except the factor of theoretical intensity requirement, the designer should also take manufacturing process into consideration.
l Some unreasonable holes can affect the flow fluency of liquid metal.

The following fuel properties were determined for each sample as recommended by the American Society for Testing and Materials [ASTM], reported in [10] and [11].
The data was gathered and organized into a table for calculating various factors such as braking power, specific fuel consumption, and brake thermal efficiency. 3.
BTE is affected by differences in calorific value, according to [12]–[14].
The components of D-NA, a blend of ethanol and nanoparticles of silicon dioxide derived from coconut waste, affected the SFC engine.
Hassan, ‘Physical properties of coconut shell nanoparticles’, 2016

Among the available Hopkinson bar experimental setups, the bend test method is most commonly used for the measurement of material dynamic fracture properties [2].
Dynamic fracture properties measurement of the low impedance materials has gained importance in the recent years.
During compression testing, Chen et al.[7] used both the hollow transmission bar (outside diameter = 19mm and an inside diameter of 16mm) and bars made from the high strength aluminum alloy, for measurement of dynamic fracture properties of the low mechanical impedance material.
The quasi-static mechanical properties of materials are given in Table 1 Table 1 Quasi static mechanical material properties.
Therefore we need to thoroughly understand the factors that affect the stress wave propagation in a modified Hopkinson bar loaded fracture test.

The insulation performance of thermal storage tank is the most important factor to minimize the heat losses through the walls.
Fig. 1 Analytical model Table 1 Thermo-physical properties of the ferrofluid Property Specification Volume fraction of magnetite (%) 6.0 Nominal particle diameter (nm) 10 Density (kg/m3) 1305 Viscosity (mPa∙s) 4.7 Saturation magnetization (mT) 33.6 Prandtl number 36.6 Numerical Method The numerical model of the ferrofluid insulation system has the heated and cooled walls maintained at 350.15 K and 293.15 K, respectively, as shown in Fig. 1.
The cavity was filled with the ferrofluid as a working fluid with thermo-physical properties provided by the manufacturing company as shown in Table 1 [3].
The average temperatures of the ferrofluid at left cooled area were decreased with the increase of the magnetic field intensities and the average temperature lines of the ferrofluid were reached to linear line due to the suppression of the heat transfer affected by the magnetic field.
Tanahashi: The Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Vol. 33 (1990), pp. 17-25 [7] J.H.

Despite the striking nature of the effect, however, there is no well accepted explanation for the improved surface properties of the nanocomposites.
The fraction of pullout and wear rate were reduced by factors of 25 and 3.4 relative to alumina of similar grain size in the 10% SiC composite.
Equation 2, when corrected for pullout overlap as is described elsewhere [7], can also be used to compare the relative contributions of the factors affecting the amount of pullout.
The pullout dimensions φ and d0 vary by more than a factor of 3, and the very small variations in mechanical properties resulting from SiC additions are much too small for them to be explained in terms of the Evans model.
This also explains the strong influence of grain size on the wear properties of alumina.

Subsequently, the general HRI issues will be discussed to explain how they affect the use of robots.
Situation awareness emerged as a common theme across the three studies, and shared mental models of the problem space were a critical factor in the SWAT team study.
In the mechanical design, the elimination of sharp edges can reduce the potential for lacerations.
Degree in 2003 from Tianjin Institute of Medical Equipment, both in mechanical Engineering.
McGhee, On the stability properties of quadruped creeping gaits.