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First, the finite element model of the SRM grain is established by using MSC.PATRAN.
The finite element model of the SRM grain According to symmetry of the loading and configuration, as shown in Figure 2, one-twelfth of an axisymmetric start of the motor grain is considered for the analysis.
Fig. 2 The radial and longitudinal section of SRM grain Fig.3 The regional 3-D finite element model of SRM grain and the debonded cracks in stress-release boot (b) Rear of the grain (a) Fore of the grain The SRM grain is a composite structure consisting of variety materials.
As shown in Fig. 5, 11 numbers of crack nodes are used over the crack foreside line.
Fig. 8 shows that one rear debonded crack with width 40mm and depth 16.5mm. 11 numbers of crack nodes are used over the crack foreside line, and crack 1, crack 2 and crack 3 correspond to the depth of 16.5mm, 27.0mm and 36.5mm to simulate the rear debonded crack growth.

A number of SEM images similar to that shown in Fig. 3 were used to evaluate the grain size of sintered compacts.
However, in this work, values of n=1(anomalous grain growth), n=3(solid-solution drag-controlled grain growth) or n=4 (pore drag-controlled grain growth) were not very acceptable.
Moreover, because no solid-solution drag-controlled grain growth (n=3) was expected[16-17], interface reaction-controlled grain growth (n=2) was the most probable grain growth mechanism.
Accordingly, the rate of grain growth is assumed to be proportional to the product of the grain boundary energy and grain boundary mobility.
The VC segregation layers at grain boundaries thermodynamically lowered the grain boundary energy, as indicated by the Gibbs adsorption isotherm, and reduced grain boundary mobility.

Desired film thickness was achieved via control of the number of deposition sequences.
Since the physical properties of these states are often sensitive to even a small change in intrinsic and external conditions, there appears to be a number of colossal effects.
AFM result suggests that all the films have fine grains and the grain size gradually increases with increasing the thickness.
The distinct grain structure can be observed for the films of various thicknesses which shows small cluster like growth of grains. the number of grains has been reduced and larger grain sizes could be observed as well grain boundary depart with lift of thickness.
This reduction in resistivity is caused by decreasing the number of grain boundaries as the thickness increases.

While H80 and H65 brass have larger grain sizes, more small-angle grain boundaries obviously than copper, the proportion of their low ∑CSL grain boundaries are 48.2% and 45%.
Sample D has the highest ratio of low ΣCSL grain boundaries, and there are a number of Σ3 n grain boundaries forming into 3-3-9 or 3-9-27 triple junctions.
The sizes of grain clusters decrease with the reducing of proportion of low ΣCSL grain boundaries.
Sample D has the maximum grain cluster, while sample F has the minimum low ΣCSL grain boundaries, and the smallest grain clusters.
(4)The reasons of sample which has a high proportion of low ΣCSL grain boundary has higher corrosion resistance are relevant to the kind of Σ3 grain boundary and the size of grain clusters.

The total number of points in such diagrams is equal to that in each GPF.
The same number of points is contained in the correlation diagrams.
Mechanisms a There are a number of reasons for the revealed difference in substructure conditions between texture maxima and minima.
The greater the number of fluctuations, experienced by the grain, the higher are the density of new subboundaries and resulting strain hardening.
At the same time, the most probable neighbors of the grain belonging to the texture minimum are the grains from the texture maximum.

Achieving Superplasticity in Fine-Grained Al-Mg-Sc Alloys Pedro H.R.
Superplasticity denotes the ability of a limited number of materials to achieve exceptionally high tensile elongations of at least 400%.
An analysis of published data for a large number of Al-Mg-Sc alloys shows that the results are mutually consistent and in reasonable agreement with the theoretical model for superplastic flow.
Langdon, Influence of scandium and zirconium on grain stability and superplastic ductilities in ultrafine-grained Al-Mg alloys, Acta Mater. 50 (2002) 553-564
Langdon, Twenty-five years of ultrafine-grained materials: Achieving exceptional properties through grain refinement, Acta Mater. 61 (2013) 7035-7059

In the extraction of intact RSG, the functional compound is separated from grains while reducing phenolic content in grains as preparation for further process of grains in wet milling to produce the sorghum flour.
The grain was dissolved in the solvent chamber of the UAE system with mass ratio solvent: a grain of 10:1 (w/w).
The grain was presumed to be spherical.
dCCdt=Ng.S.kcVH.X0+Vmg.CC0-Ng.S.kcVH.Vmg+1.CC (1) In Eq 1,CC (g/cm3) = the concentration of desirable compound in extract; t (minute) = time; Ng (grains) = the number of grains submerged in solvent; kC (cm-1.minute-1) = the mass transfer’s coefficient; V (cm3) = solvent volume; mg (g) = mass of solid matrix; CC0 (g/cm3) = initial concentration of the compound in solvent; H (gpericarp.cmsolvent-3) = coefficient of distribution; S (cm2/grain) = the area of pericarp surface; X (g/g solid matrix) = the desirable compound’s content in the solid matrix; X0 (g/ g solid matrix) = the initial desirable compound’s content in the solid matrix.
A large number of collapsed bubbles caused the extremely fast replacement in any stagnant layer.

Grain number across thin sheet metal thickness direction is another important factor that affects flow stress.
The main feature is a modification of mechanical properties (like Hall-Petch coefficients and flow stress) when grain number across thickness is lower than an critical value [4,5].
In case of high purity nickel, the two critical grain numbers are 1 and 4.
In order to determine the critical grain number Nc, Q.
Conclusions Factors that affect mechanical properties of thin sheet metal in micro plastic forming processes were analyzed and summarized: thickness, grain size, grain number across thickness and surface properties.

The grains had a large protrusion height and kept good integrity after ultrasonic dressing.
For 35kHz ultrasonic vibration assisted dressing processes, the grit protrusion was large, and number of static effective grains great.
The surface of bond is smoother than that of CBN grains so that the frequency of micro salient of bond surface is much higher than that of CBN grains on the dressed grinding wheel surface[9-11].
The acoustic parameters have great role on the counts of static effective grains.
Furthermore, for ultrasonic dressing, the uniformity of protrusion height of grains is better, and the top area of grains is bigger, which demonstrated that the grains keep integrity well after ultrasonic dressing process.

The grain was refined after ECAE, the finest grain size can reach 2.5 mµ (Table 2, Figure4-(c)).
However, further refining can't be achieved even when the numbers of extrusion are increased because the recrystallization has finished.
The above data and associated argument indicate that fine or extremely fine grain by ECAE is not solely dependent on extrusion number of passes.
The average grain size is about 150 mµ
Table 2 Effect of ECAE process on mechanical properties of AZ31D Extrusion condition and the grain size Test conditions Tensile test results ECAE temperature(K) Pass number Grain size( mµ ) Test temperature(°C) Strain rate(1/S) Elongation (%) Peak stress (MPa) *** 0 100-150 350 0.0002 89 22.4 *** 0 100-150 400 0.0002 120 45.8 *** 0 100-150 450 0.0002 90 20.1 523 1 10 380 0.001 125 47 523 2 8.5 400 0.001 260 33 523 3 5 400 0.001 95 34.1 523 4 2.5 400 0.0002 160 26.4 573 1 20 400 0.001 280 35.1 573 2 12.5 400 0.001 240 34.7 573 3 8 360 0.001 160 35.2 573 4 5 380 0.001 350 30 623 1 20-50 400 0.001 210 31.1 623 2 20-50 400 0.001 250 32.6 623 3 20-50 400 0.001 260 35.5 673 1 40 400 0.001 125 34.2 673 1 40 400 0.001 160 32.1 � �� �� �� �� ��� ��� ��� ��� � � � � � � Number of Extrusion Pass Average Grain Size(µm) ���� ���� ���� ���� Figure7 The average grain size after ECAE Figure 7 shows the change of the