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Varying the extrusion ratio along tube direction affects the product velocity as well as the profile exit temperature und thus the microstructure in different tube sections.
This is due to its attractive properties like low specific weight but good mechanical properties, excellent manufacturing and forming properties and good corrosion resistance [1].
Since the profile exit temperature is an important factor determining the profile microstructure and both sections exit the die with similar Tp, the difference in grain size is not significant.
Reimers, Extrusion of aluminum tubes with axially graded wall thickness and mechanical chracterization, Procedia CIRP Vol. 18, (2014), pp. 3-8 [6] M.

Introduction Owning to their high thermal and mechanical properties at elevated temperatures, silicon nitride ceramics (Si3N4) are proved to be promising candidates for hot section structural components in gas turbine [1-4].
Above the pores, an affecting area in the coating with light dark colour can also be seen, which was from the diffusion of silicon.
The porous structure can be the main factor that weakened the stability of Yb2Si2O7 coating system.

As a cutting technology, it is less sensitive to material properties for it does not cause chatter, has no thermal effects, imposes minimal stresses on the workpieces, and has high machining versatility and high flexibility [2,3].
The cutting performance is greatly affected by the jet diffusion increasing.
In addition, the pressure drop also affects the performance of the abrasive water jet cutting.
(b) Meshed computational domain In the above monitoring methods, the volume fraction of the abrasive suspension jet is an important factor on the system gauge pressure.
Sharma: Advances in Mechanical Engineering, Doi: 10.1155/2012/186430 [9] FLUENT 6.3 User's Guide.

Similar to conventional advanced ceramics, Ti3SiC2 has good high-temperature mechanical property and oxidation resistance.
The influencing factors during the synthesis process should also be well understood.
These factors include the sintering temperature and in situ reaction/phase transformation between starting materials [9-11].
By using Al as sintering aid, several aspects are considered to be influencing factors for synthesizing pure Ti3SiC2.
Zhou, Investigation on the properties of Nb and Al doped Ti3SiC2 as a new interconnect material for IT-SOFC, Int.

In addition, since some other minerals like quartz, feldspar, hydromica, illite, chlorite, limonite, and carbonic acid rock cuttings would be produced due to the interaction of various factors in the MMT mineralization process, and the existence of these minerals would affect MMT performance seriously, purification has to be carried out for its research and production.
To take it as a lubricant additive, mechanical high-energy ball milling is needed to refine and prepare it into zero-dimensional nanometer materials along with oil solubility modification, so as to get the steady dispersion system.
Disperse them for 0.5h through mechanical stirring (800r/min) and form a dispersion system.
(Grant No. 201645000034018 and No. 701355141203), the Postgraduate Innovation Base of Mechanical Engineering of Guizhou University (Grant No.
[3] Yang Lv, Study on the Auto-restoration Properties of Palygorskite Carried Ag Nanocomposite for iron-based Triopair, D.

The present work is concerned with the main factors influencing the stability of metastable austenite in such a steel.
A step towards understanding the factors responsible for the variation in the behaviour observed is the main contribution of this work.
Two main factors influence the martensitic transformation kinetics for a given composition; the grain size and the interstitial impurities [5, 14].
This could lead towards a better understanding of the factors responsible for the variation in the behaviour observed.
Bhadeshia: Steels, Microstructure and Properties (Edward Arnold, 2 nd Edition, Great Britain, 1995) p. 83

When compared to metallic materials, a problematic aspect of ceramic materials is their low mechanical strength and fracture toughness [3].
The adhesion of hydroxylapatite, as well as their morphology depends on the surface properties of materials.
Depending on the material and process parameters microstructures changes may occur as a grain refinement, phase transformations, alloy formation and a mixture of composite materials on the surface without actually affecting the bulk of the material.
The value of w0 is obtained from the Equation 3 below [1], where M2 is the beam quality factor, l is the wavelength of the laser, f is the focal length of the focusing lens, f and ffocus are the beam diameter behind the lens and at the focus respectively.

Yassinb Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, University Malaysia Sarawak, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia.
Operators on the shop floor may be affected by such application of cutting fluids, resulting in skin and respiratory health problems [4].
To encounter this problem, increasing researches have been carried out on the usage of vegetable based oil in MQL resulting in reduction of health hazard factor [13].
The effectiveness of MQL in reducing cutting temperature and wear is mostly affected by the ability of the fluids penetrating the cutting zone and the time period it stays in the cutting zone to serve its cooling and lubricating effects.
Demirbas, Relationships derived from physical properties of vegetable oil and biodiesel fuels, Fuel. 87 (2008) 1743-1748

To date, many studies have been dedicated to investigate the development of crystallographic textures in ECAP, due to its significance in understanding the deformation mechanisms and its influence on the microstructure evolution as well as mechanical properties of the processed materials [1-5].
The grain refinement during the ECAP process is affected by accumulative strain and the interaction of shearing plane with crystal structure and deformation texture.
Table 1: Main ideal orientations along the shear fibers and usual rolling orientations given by the Miller indices {h k l} and Euler angles for a ODF section of j2= 45o Notation Texture component F j1 H {100} <110> 0 0; 90; 180; 270 Shear Components A {111} <110> 35.26 0;180 B {112} <110> 54.7 0;60;120;180;240;300 C {001} <001> 90 0;180 A* {111} <112> 90 54.74; 125.26; 234.74; Cube {100} <001> 0 45; 135; 225; 315 Rolling Components Copper {112} <111> 35 90; 270 Goss {110} <001> 90 90; 270 Brass {110} <112> 90 55; 125; 235; 305 Texture development introduces crystallographic anisotropy on the macroscale which, in turn, affects the deep-drawability.
Texture intensity {111} pole figure Lankford factor Normal anisotropy Planar anisotropy Sample (times random) 0o 45o 90o rm Dr C 4xA 25,0 0,345 0,339 0,043 0,266 0,14 C 4xAy 3,0 0,443 0,507 0,275 0,433 0,15 C 4xBc 2,8 0,271 0,341 0,257 0,302 0,08 HR 4xA 2,8 0,543 0,418 0,411 0,447 0,06 HR 4xAy 4,0 0,284 0,393 0,187 0,314 0,16 Summary The behaviour of the caster and hot rolled samples was very simmilar, but with differences in the texture intensities.

Ighalo 3,c 1 Mechanical Engineering Department, Yaba College of Technology, Yaba Lagos State, Nigeria 2,3 Materials and Production Engineering, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria, a e-mail: samfakolujo_1@yahoo.com, be-mail: smailajimoh2001/2002@yahoo.com, cemail:ighalobsoighalo@yahoo.com Keywords: Fuels, Used engine oil, kerosene, combustion, foundry Abstract: This study presents the experimental results of using admixture of used engine oil and kerosene as an alternative fuel in foundry shops.
Therefore for a liquid fuel to be effective as an industrial fuel its quality must be assessed and this is achieved by measuring the most diverse physiochemical and service properties reflecting its suitability and effectiveness [1].
In oil firing, the characteristics of an oil flame are affected mainly by the composition of the fuel and the rate at which fuel and air are mixed and subsequently burned in the combustion zone.
Another factor that affects combustion of fuel is the pour point which is the loss of fluidity of fuel [6].