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The choice of the method depends on food properties and economic viability.
The undesirable changes caused by biological factors such as respiration, transpiration and ethylene action and all the metabolic transformations which are linked to the fruit and vegetable degradation can be delayed with the controlled refrigeration [15].
These properties can be classified, basically into two categories: the transport properties (thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity) and thermodynamic properties (density, specific heat).
The values of the thermophysical properties and the geometrical parameters of the fruits used in this work are given in Table 1.
[7] ASHRAE Refrigeration Handbook, Chapter 8: Thermal properties of foods.

Fuel economy is a result of many factors, some of which are directly related to design while others are dependent on the vehicle service condition, road and weather conditions, weight, loading and operator behaviour.
Given their improved mechanical and thermal properties compared to pure aluminium or aluminium alloys, AlMMCs are a suitable replacement for, not only steel, but also aluminium alloys in various automotive components.
For the chassis, strength and toughness affect vehicle performance and survivability of occupants in severe crashes.
It was noted that there was need for systematic database that relates properties to processing parameters or between laboratory test data and actual performance.
Caceres, Economical and Environmental Factors in Light Alloys: Automotive Applications, J.

This generally affects the regularity of the crystalline films.
In order to improve the electrical properties of TO thin film, it is an n-type semiconductor.
These thin films exhibit excellent electrical properties while providing the mechanical stability necessary for flexible electronic applications [43].
Additionally, lattice distortions resulting from mechanical stress or chemical interactions with nickel and zinc lead to the creation of defects such as voids and distorted atomic positions, which further enhance the electrical and optical properties of the material.
Furthermore, the efficiency of these processes is significantly affected by factors such as material crystallinity, dopant presence, and the structural orientation of the film.

Each particle is treated as a rigid body and owes a certain shape, size and physical and mechanical properties.
In actual operation, a small relaxation factor =0.1~0.5 is chosen to make equality: (3) Substitute Eq.(1) into Eq.(2) and then Eq.(2) into Eq.(3), So we have .
Besides, affected by the excavation, soil mass will move into open caisson by plastic flow.

It directly affects normal using, fatigue failure and even threatens the safety of bridge structure.
Stress amplitude is the main factor influencing the stiffness of structural fatigue, Niu [1] studied the evolution regularity of flexural rigidity.
Dimension of the specimen (Unit: mm) Table 1 Material properties Concrete Modulus of Elasticity/GPa 35.2 Cube Compressive Strength/MPa 53.3 Steel bar Modulus of Elasticity/GPa 210 Yielding Strength/MPa 307 CFL Ultimate Strength/MPa 4750 Modulus of Elasticity /GPa 230 Thickness/mm 0.23 1.2 Test groups and loading spectrum In this test, under the condition of stress ratio 0.1, computing a 10% and 15% increase in stress amplitude and stress amplitude of the three groups of 15 girder, 5 in each group as can be seen from the figure and table.
[6] Yao G.W, Huang P.Y, Niu P.Z, Zhao C and Zheng X.H, Fiber sheet under constant amplitude cyclic load increase damage behavior of reinforced concrete beam, Mechanical strength, 2004, 26（S）: 25-27

Material Removal for Modal Effect on Impeller Blades by Finite Element Analysis WeiHua WU 1, a, Can ZHAO1, b and GuangBin BU2, c 1Modern Manufacturing Engineering Centre, Heilongjiang Institute of Science and Technology, Harbin 150027, China 2Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics Electrical and Mechanical University, Nanjing 210016, China aweihua_wu2004@163.com, bCanzhao@sohu.com, cbuguangbin@sina.com Keywords: blades, material removal, modal, finite element method Abstract.
Introduction Blades, one of the thin cantilever parts, are light and have the lower rigidity; removal of blank material in the processing of blades directly affects the stiffness matrix, mass matrix and damping matrix.
As the decisive factor for avoiding the resonance, at present, researchers have only studies the final modal of blades process and a large number of experimental studies have been carried out.
It is necessary to give properties of the modal material after setting modal. 2A70 aluminum alloy, density ρ=2 800 kg/m3, elastic modulus E=7.1e10 Pa, Park glaze than μ=0.31 compose blades materials.

Introduction In the optimization of diesel engine cooling system, the flow and heat transfer of coolant is the main factor directly to affect the cooling efficiency of diesel engine, the heat load of high-temperature components and the machine heat distribution and energy utilization[1].
Three dimensional numerical simulation method - CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) has the characteristics of low design cost, short cycle etc, which is an important method to study the properties of engine water jacket[2].
To improve the design of the cylinder part, the cylinder block water jacket cooling effect has been greatly improved compared with the original machine, and the change does not affect the structural strength of the cylinder diesel engine.
[3] Xiumin Yu, Haibo Chen, Haizhen Huang, et al: Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering, vol.44(10), (2008), p.162

Introduction The inclusion of corrosion inhibitors in barrier coatings is critical to improve corrosion protection performance, especially when the coatings are breached by either mechanical damage (e.g.
The effect of inhibitors on corrosion performance was found to be affected by both concentration of inhibitor within the coating matrix and by the inhibitor's chemical structure.
Coatings with the added BTAPSA do not appear to improve their corrosion protection properties with increased inhibitor concentration.
Raising the loading factor of BTAPSA results in a sharp decrease of the Rcorr value and increases Cdl.
Even at high loading, the incorporation of inhibitors in ionizable form doesn't adversely affect the coating stability.

For the economical efficiency and safety margin of a nuclear power plant, however, fuel cladding materials should have a better resistance to high-temperature corrosion, a higher resistance to an irradiation dimensional variation (creep and growth) and a better mechanical strength.
The microstructure and the chemistry of the Nb-contained Zr alloys are known to affect sensitively their in-reactor behavior.
Jeong et al. insisted that the equilibrium Nb concentration below the solubility limit in the α matrix would be a more dominant factor in the enhancement of the corrosion resistance than the β phases (β-Nb or β-Zr), the supersaturated Nb, the precipitates and the internal microstructure such as the twin, dislocation and plate [10,11,12].
In the case of a 640 o C annealing for the β-quenched, the changing trend of the tetragonal ZrO2 fraction with the annealing time agreed well with the corrosion properties.
So, the corrosion resistance of the alloys would be affected by the tetragonal ZrO2 fraction in the oxide.

So, the paste boriding process improves the mechanical properties, such as hardness, wear, abrasion and corrosion resistance of different kinds of steel components [1-5].
Equation Reference 1/2 2/3 p C 3/2 g E P K k (I) l H c               [8] 2/5 1/2 C 1/2 K Hg 0.048 (II) Hl E l              [9] Kc = fracture toughness, E = Young modulus , H = microhardness , P = applied load, g = microcrack length, l = half diagonal length of the microindentation,  = constraint factor ≈ 3 , 0.015 p k  , c = total crack length The Vickers indentation fracture models proposed in this work are based on the assumption that there are no pre-existing surface stresses.
Another important feature that may affect the accuracy of indentation toughness determination seems to be related to the definition of hardness used in both models.
Nevertheless, the presence of thermal residual stresses produced by the boride growth affect the length crack generated at the corners of the indentation.