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Pigments should present well defined optical and physical properties.
These properties, in turn, depend directly on the pigment's crystalline structure, on its physical (particle shape, distribution, and degree of agglomeration) and chemical characteristics (purity and stability of the composition).
The control of these properties is closely dependent on obtaining nanometric scale particle sizes, i.e., obtaining molecular structures at the atomic level.
According to Kiminami [11], the heating conditions affect the characteristics of the resulting powders.
These two aspects strongly affect the powders' final characteristics.

Ribbon-tubular radiator is widely used in engineering vehicles, automobile etc, its structure especially air side fin affect the internal flow of radiator, and affects the radiator performance.
First of all, CFD simulations of water side and air side are carried out, then matches the working point of fan by using the simulation results, and take the working point parameters and other related parameters as the import of calculation procedure of the in-out mouth temperature of radiator group, compared the temperatures with experiment values to satisfy the validity of the method, Finally use the double side simulation and procedure calculation combination method to study effect law of different wave distance combination on the heat transfer properties of radiator group.1 1 Simulation research of double side flow field 1.1Physical model The ribbon-tubular radiator group studied in this paper includes high temperature radiator (radiator in engine cooling system) and low temperature radiator (inter cooler) ;its core body are composed by the same size flat tubes and ripple thermal tape, thermal fluid flows in the flat tubes, cooling air cross ripple thermal tape and flat tube outside
The simulation calculation values are higher than the test results, this is because the safety factor is considered for total thermal load in the calculation, the maximum error is 12.7%, meet the engineering requirements.
Table1 Import and export water temperature of simulation and experiment test Simulation result Experiment result Import（℃） Export（℃） Import（℃） Export（℃） Low temp radiator 66.6 52.1 59.6 46.2 High temp radiator 68.4 63.2 67.2 62.8 3 Wave matching study of radiator group The heat transfer properties of radiator are affected by fluid flow velocity, core body structure and heat transfer surface quality etc [3].
This paper uses the method of combining the double sides CFD simulation and procedure calculation to research the influence of wave distance matching to high low temperature radiator group heat transfer properties.

The morphology of the γ' phase must be affected by the interfacial dislocation networks, and must be an element that controls the material property.
In the phase field simulation, each physical property depends on the grid size.
The scaling factor is ksim / kexp , and, as a result, the relationship between the real time treal and the simulation time tsim can be written as treal = tsim · ksim / kexp.
From the results of the experiment [11], the lattice misfit changes under a mechanical loading and a high temperature condition.
Thus, the results suggest that the interfacial dislocation network affects and assists very much the rafting behavior of the γ' phase.

For these processes no heat affected zone is occurring and barely intermetallic phases can be observed [6].
Therefore a correction factor can be calculated on base of the acoustic impedance of the different layers of the sensor.
Bias ID 132636 dy dz dx sensor shockwave y x z z y x laserbeam Fig. 4: Measurement conditions To guarantee of the aluminum rods surface is not affecting the measurement, the surface is refurbished every 50 shots by a turning process.
With decreasing material thicknesses the standard deviation of the material properties is increasing [1].
Proc. 1353, American Institute of Physics, ISBN: 978-0-7354-0911-8, p. 1309-1312 [16] Hintz, G. (1997) Untersuchung der Druckerzeugung und der Strahl-Stoff-Wechselwirkung an einem Excimerlaser-System für die Schockbehandlung von Metallen, Dissertation, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg [17] Eisner, K. (1998) Prozeßtechnologische Grundlagen zur Schockverfestigung von metallischen Werkstoffen mit einem kommerziellen Excimerlaser, Dissertation, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg [18] Wielage, H., Vollertsen, F. (2012) Difficulties and prevention methods in mechanical and non-mechanical micro drawing with high work piece velocities, Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on New Forming Technology (INCFT), Harbin, China, Aug. 26-28, 2012, Eds.: S.J.

Experimental Study on the Influence of Injection Timing on Combustion and Emission of Biodiesel Engine based on Mechanical Mechanics DiMing Lou1,a, Yang Wu1,b, ZhiYuan Hu1,c, PiQiang Tan 1,d, JianJun Lin1,e 1School of Automobile, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China aloudiming@tongji.edu.cn, bwuyangyf@foxmail.com, chuzhiyuan@tongji.edu.cn, dtpq2000@163.com, elinjianjun_tju@163.com Keywords: Chinese V Diesel engine; Biodiesel; Injection timing; Combustion; Emission Abstract.
This article investigates the effect of different injection timings on combustion and emission characteristics of a Chinese V high pressure common rail diesel engine fuelled with blends of biodiesel and diesel (the volume ration of biodiesel is 20%) to provide a theoretical basis for the optimization of biodiesel application. 2 Fuel properties Fuel used in this article was 20% V/V biodiesel from waste cooking oil blends with Chinese V diesel (referred to as "BD20").
The properties of BD20, pure Chinese V diesel (D100), pure biodiesel (BD100) are summarized in Table 1.
Table 1 Fuel properties.
The two factors coupled with the effect of load caused the above phenomenon. 4.10 Unburned hydrocarbon The influence of retarded injection timing on HC emission can be clearly seen in Fig.10.

These materials were chosen because their physical and mechanical properties place great demands on the wear resistance of the tool.
The uncoated cemented carbide tools were affected by the high thermomechanical load.
Notwithstanding of the better properties of ester oils in comparison to mineral oils, such as a low volatility, a high flash point, better lubricating properties, skin tolerance and biodegradability, in the majority of cases (approx. 90%), where the lubricant is an oil, mineral oils are chosen.
The different cooling and lubricating properties of the machining fluids have an effect on the tool wear mechanisms in the machining process.
Aluminium oxide has a range of properties which predestine it for a use as coating material in machining of difficult-to-cut materials.

In particular the SRZ can significantly degrade the mechanical properties of advanced Ni base single crystal superalloys (2, 4, 6).
However, properties and characters of the Al2O3 scale are not clarified yet.
Harada: Effect of Aluminide Coating on Creep Properties of Ni-Base Single Crystal Superalloys, J.
Arai: Stability and Mechanical Property of Sprayed EQ Coating, J.
Hayashi: Compositional factors affecting the establishment and maintenance of Al2O3 scales on Ni-Al-Pt systems, J.

Excessive size and quantity of GB particles can seriously reduce service properties.
Imbert, in: Thermomechanical Processing and Mechanical Properties of Hypereutectoid Steels and Cast Irons, edited by D.R.
Belling: Al Alloys, Physical and Mechanical Properties, edited by E.A.
Nes, in: Aluminum Alloys, Physical and Mechanical Properties, edited by E.A.
Sherby, in: Thermomechanical Processing and Mechanical Properties of Hypereutectoid Steels and Cast Irons, edited by D.R.

The traditional materials of firefighter uniform normally focus on the fire resistance property of the materials, so it mostly uses the fire resistance nature of the organic or high temperature resistant fiber, which normally contains aromatic or the stepped heterocyclic chain structure[1], and the fire resistance property, high temperature resistance property and physical and mechanical properties of fiber are excellent, but normally the spinnability and dyeing property is worse which cause the static problem serious during the production, so the manufacture cost is high.
The common textile fiber such as cotton, wool, silk, linen and synthetic fiber such as polyester, polyamide, polypropylene fiber, viscose, acrylic, etc, their nature high temperature resistance and fire resistance property is worse, but after the chemical modification or flame-proof treatment, these fibers are given the certain fire resistance property.
The additive amount of Aramid fiber 1414 into batts almost doesn’t affect on the heat stability, and due to the density of Langlun 1313 smaller compared with Langlun 1414 [6], in the condition of the same weight, the batts thickness decrease and heat stability also decrease with the additive amount of Aramid fiber 1414 increased.
The difference of the heat conductivity coefficient of Aramid fiber 1313 and Aramid fiber 1414 is too small, therefore, the batts integral structure becomes the most important factor that effect on the TTP value, means that the differences of the fiber construction manner and the static gas layer generated cause the TTP value changes.
(In Chinese) [6] Yan Liu, Yongjun Sun, Shiguang Liu: Discussion on Physical and Chemical Properties of Domestic Aramid Fibers. 6, 2005, p. 1-3.

Mustapha2,d 1Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. 2Department of Aerospace Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
However, the thin-web components are tending to deflect and deform during machining under the cutting forces and low-rigidity of these components [1-3] and seriously affect their machining accuracy and surface quality which persuaded to surface dimensional errors [3,4].
There are also other factors that can cause machining errors such as cutting heats, clamping forces and residual stress [5, 6].
It is required to perform High Speed Machining (HSM) in order to remove the large number of materials due to the mechanical properties of the thin-web structure.
This is due to several factors such as the elements removal of the workpiece are symmetric which are the element number 1, 2 and 3 are symmetric with element number 4,5 and 6.