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Orowan developed a model and considered all the various factors in order to obtain an accurate solution; but the use of his method is tedious and the calculation of the distribution pressure laborious [12].
In [15] finite element thermal and mechanical models were developed to simulate the thermal and mechanical behaviour of the magnesium strip during hot rolling.
The mechanical characteristic of the metal σs can be evaluated by starting from a global mechanical parameter as the torque C.
The next fundamental step of this research, is the implementation of the material thermo-mechanical properties, evaluated by laboratory tests, in a FE code.
The main problem is due to the fact that during one roll pass of the rolling mill process, the material thermo-mechanical properties vary from point to point along the contact arc between beam and roll.

Also there is no need to adjust the numerical parameters such as initial smoothing length, initial particle density [12], friction coefficient, fracture control parameter and coefficient for the time step that increases which affect the prediction error for cutting force and chip compression ratio as well as computing time [11, 13].
Table 1 Work piece and Tool Physical properties Property Work piece Tool (WC) Density ρ [kg/m3] 2700 15600 Young’s Modulus E [Gpa] 73.1 630 Poisson ratio ν 0.33 0.25 Shear modulus [Gpa] 27 274 Specific heat [J/kgK-1] 910 - Tmelt [K] 903 3077 Troom [K] 300 300 Table 2 Johnson-Cook parameters of work piece Parameter A [MPa] B [MPa] C [-] n [-] m [-] Value 167 596 0.4 0.551 1.0 4 Results and Discussions The following section presents a comparison between the SPH simulation results of predicted cutting force values and Mahamani’s experimental [9] results of AA2219-TiB2/ZrB2 Metal Matrix Composites.
Three different levels and cutting factors were considered in Experimental analysis (Table 3) and the same has been used for SPH simulation test.
Table 3 Level of the machining parameters [9] Factor Notation Factor Levels 1 2 3 A Cutting speed Vc [m/min] 100 125 150 B Feed rate f [mm/rev] 0.05 0.1 0.2 C Depth of cut d [mm] 0.5 1.0 1.5 4.1 SPH Simulation Results.
Sampath (2011), ‘Effect of In-Situ TiB2 Particle Addition on the Mechanical Properties of AA 2219 Al Alloy Composite’, Journal of Minerals & Materials Characterization & Engineering Vol. 10,No.6, pp.527-534

Strain gradient is known as an important factor that influences springback of bent components in microscale.
Introduction Microparts are widely used in electronics, micro electro mechanical system (MEMS) and biomedical devices due to the tendency of miniaturization in the industry.
As we know, the springback in bending process affects the accuracy of deformed parts significantly.
Tensile properties and constitutive model of ultrathin pure titanium foils at elevated temperatures in microforming assisted by resistance heating method, Mater.
Effect of Heat on Tensile Properties of Thin Pure Titanium Foils, Manufacturing Review, 2 (2015) Article No. 3

When the support parameters and packing materials is given, the packing width will be not only one of the most important factors for gob-side entry retaining to be successful but also a significant factor in controlling the cost of support.
Determination of the rock constitutive relation and the mechanical parameters of rock mass.Mohr-Coulomb elastic-plastic model constitutive relation is adopted in the computational model.
Here all of these characteristics have been given to full play, which is one of the most important factors for the success
Mechanical analysis of stability of key blocks of overlying strata for gob-side entry retaining and calculating width of roadside backfill[J].
Research on the Creep Property and Its Stability Control Technology of Gob-side Entry''s Narrow Side[D].Xuzhou: China Mining University,2011(in Chinese)

Introduction The final grain size and phase composition significantly impact the physical properties of metallic polycrystalline materials from which finished products are manufactured.
The grain growth phenomenon can lead to a significant rearrangement of the material morphology during annealing or after recrystallization, which results in a change of final mechanical properties.
The adapted concentration gradient model provides boundary curvature values that are much lower than the Kremeyer and Mason models, and that affects the grain growth velocity.
As presented in Fig. 2c-e, the grain boundary curvature models only slightly affect the growth of the grains under static recrystallization conditions.
In this case, the driving force associated with the grain boundary curvature is the primary factor controlling grain growth.

Recursive application of this approach to the coarse problem produces a true multigrid method, which has the property that a problem can be solved easily.
A convergence factor which is the relative residual norm is 10-7 for all cases.
Mechanical part (model 3) Fig. 2(c) shows a coarsest mesh of a mechanical part and its boundary condition.
Residual in case of mechanical part for 182,484 freedoms.
It is found from the result that these very slight differences largely affect convergence in the bending cantilever problems.

Lectures from Antivilla Most thermal insulation materials base their thermal performance and properties on the encapsulated air inside their porous structure.
New socio-economic and cultural patterns are largely affecting the way we live, work, and use our free time.
The conditions affecting the responsiveness include e.g. hot day vs. cold night, seasonal changes or reaction to sudden change like storm or strong winds.
Affordability of space is therefore becoming a factor that often defines people’s lives instead of providing opportunities.
On the other hand, a right amount desired air leaks could make mechanical ventilation obsolete and result in a gradual exchange of air with lower energy loss.

In this equation, SA and SB are respectively the curve areas of A and B, while aA and aB are the sensitivity factors of A and B respectively
The characterisation techniques for finding physico-chemical properties and semiconducting characteristics of thermal oxide scale are later reviewed.
Shamanian, An assessment of microstructure, mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of dissimilar welds between Inconel 718 and 310S austenitic stainless steel, Int.
Liang, Photoelectrochemical study on semiconductor properties of oxide films on alloy 600 in high temperature water with ZnO addition, J.
Chandra-ambhorn, Relationship between entry temperature and properties of thermal oxide scale on low carbon steel strips, Steel Res.

The environmental factors that can affect the materials corrosion behaviour such as temperature, dissolved oxygen, pressure changed compared with the shallow sea [5], and the materials corrosion behaviour was also different.
Many types of commercial aluminum anodes, performed good electrochemical property in shallow sea, suffered serious local corrosion and failed early in deepwater environment.
When the crystal size is refined, the anode mechanical loss during dissolution is reduced and the pits formed on the anode surface are easily to connect together, and the anode dissolution morphology is uniform.
Campbell, The influence of Ti and Zr on electrochemical properties of aluminum sacrificial anodes, Materials Science and Engineering A. 431(2006) 263-276.

The quality of the injection mold design directly affects the actual mold structure and the final plastic products.
If the venting system works ineffectively, defects may form, such as short shot, burn marks, and v-notches, which seriously affect the function and aesthetic performance of the molded part.
In the venting system design process, designers need to determine the sum, location, size, and other relevant factors.
Material properties.
Material properties Unit Values PA66 + 30%GF PA66 Molecular weight g/mol 105 12E3-20E3 Density g/cm3 1.36 1.09 Moisture Content (24 hours) % 0.2 0.7 Tensile Strength (23 0C) MPa 148 30 Elongation at Yield % 5 3 Fig. 2.