Surface Effects and Critical Dimensions of Iron Nanoparticles

Abstract:

The surface effects on the critical dimensions of ferromagnetic nanoparticles have been studied. Iron nanoparticles with different mean diameter from 5.9 nm to 21.4 nm were prepared by thermal decomposition of iron pentacarbonyl in the presence of oleic acid/octyl ether. The heating response of these ferromagnetic nanoparticles suspended in water were measured experimentally during which the same amount of iron nanoparticles and di-ionized water were irradiated by an alternating magnetic field and the increase in temperature of the system was measured. The heating performance of the nanoparticles was described in terms of Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) which depends on the heating rate. The heating rate was calculated from the initial slope of the heating curve at an inflection point whereby there is minimum heat loss to the surrounding. Results were analyzed to find the critical diameters for the transition from single-domain to superparamagnetic regime and from single-domain to multi-domain regime. Also, the frequency and current dependence of SAR were studied. The maximum value of SAR was obtained when the applied frequency and current were at 175 kHz and 15 A, respectively. An equation for the critical radius for the transition from single-domain to multi-domain regime with low anisotropy was derived and numerically solved by using a program written in C++ and results were analyzed to find the effect of surface parameters on the critical diameter of nanoparticles. The SAR as a function of nanoparticle’s diameter shows two maxima which can be connected with the two critical dimensions. One is D_C1 at 18 nm for the transition from single-domain to multi-domain configuration and the second is D_C2 at 10 nm for the transition from single-domain to superparamagnetic regime. Comparison of these experimental results with the bond order-length-strength correlation theory was discussed.

• Periodical: Diffusion Foundations (Volume 4)
• Pages: 71-99
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/DF.4.71
• Online since: July 2015
• Authors: Gregory Kozlowski*, V. Chaudhary, Z. Turgut, H. Kosai, A. Sheets, T. Bixel, A. Wheatley, P. Abdulkin, B. Knappett, David Jefferson, M. Matusiewicz, J. Kasperczyk, M. Makowska-Janusik
• Keywords: Critical Dimensions, Heating Rate, Iron Magnetic Nanoparticles, Superparamagnetism

References

[1] A.E. Berkowitz, W.J. Schuele, and P.J. Flanders, J. Appl. Phys., 39 (1968) 1261-1264.

[2] A. Marinin, Synthesis and Characterization of Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Coated with Silica, Master Thesis, Stockholm, (2012).

[3] L.L. Vatta, R.D. Sanderson, and K.R. Koch, Magnetic Nanoparticles: Properties and Potential Applications, Pure Appl. Chem., 78 (2006) 1793-1801.

DOI: 10.1351/pac200678091793

[4] A.H. Lu, E.L. Salabas, and F. Schuth, Magnetic Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Protection, Functionalization, and Application, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 46 (2007) 1222-1244.

DOI: 10.1002/anie.200602866

[5] A.G. Kolhatkar, A.C. Jamison, D. Litvinov, R.C. Wilson and T.R. Lee, Tuning the Magnetic Properties of Nanoparticles, International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 14 (2013) 15977-16009.

DOI: 10.3390/ijms140815977

[6] C. Kittel, Physical Theory of Ferromagnetic Domains, Rev. Mod. Phys., 21 (1949) 541-583.

DOI: 10.1103/revmodphys.21.541

[7] R.H. Kodama, A.E. Berkowitz, E.J. McNiff, and S. Foner, Phys. Rev. Let., 77 (1996) 394-397.

[8] H. Mamiya, I. Nakatani, and T. Furubayashi, Phys. Rev. Lett., 80 (1998) 177-180.

[9] Z.X. Tang, C.M. Sorensen, K.J. Kalabunde, and G.C. Hadjipanayis, Phys. Rev. Lett., 67 (1991) 3602-3605.

[10] V.I. Nikolaev and A.M. Shipilin, The Influence of Breaking of Exchange Bonds on the Curie Temperature, Physics of the Solid State, 45 (2003) 1079-1080.

DOI: 10.1134/1.1583793

[11] W.H. Zhong, C.Q. Sun, and S. Li, Size Effect on the Magnetism of Nanocrystalline Ni Films at Ambient Temperature, Solid State Commun., 130 (2004) 603-606.

DOI: 10.1016/j.ssc.2004.03.025

[12] W.H. Zhong, C.Q. Sun, H.L. Bai, and E.Y. Jiang, Impact of Bond-Order Loss on Surface and Nanosolid Magnetism, Acta Mater., 53 (2005) 3207-3214.

DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2005.03.025

[13] H.M. Lu, W.T. Zheng, and Q. Jiang, Saturation Magnetization of Ferromagnetic and Ferrimagnetic Nanocrystals at Room Temperature, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 40 (2007) 320-325.

DOI: 10.1088/0022-3727/40/2/006

[14] S. Bedanta, Supermagnetism in Magnetic Nanoparticle Systems, PhD Thesis, (2006).

[15] F. Bodker, S. Morup, and S. Linderoth, Surface Effects in Metallic Iron Nanoparticles, Phys. Rev. Lett., 72 (1994) 282-285.

DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.72.282

[16] J. Avice, Surface Effects in AC Heating Process of Magnetic Nanoparticles used in Hyperthermia, Report, (2013).

[17] C. Q. Sun, W. H. Zhong, S. Li, B. K. Tay, H. L. Bai and E. Y. Jiang, Coordination Imperfection Suppressed Phase Stability of Ferromagnetic, Ferroelectric and Superconductive Nanosolids, J. Phys. Chem., 108 (2004) 1080-1084.

DOI: 10.1021/jp0372946

[18] http: /en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Ferrimagnetism.

[19] W.J. Minkowycz, E.M. Sparrow, and J.P. Abraham, Nanoparticle Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow, CRS Press, Baca Raton, London, New York, (2013).

[20] R. Hergt, S. Dutz, R. Muller, and M. Zeisberger, Magnetic Field Hyperthermia: Nanoparticle Magnetism and Materials Development for Cancer Therapy, Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, 18 (2006) S2919-S2934.

DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/18/38/s26

[21] M. Mahdevi, M.B. Ahmad, Md.J. Haron, and M.Z.A. Rahman, Synthesis, Surface Modification and Characterisation of Biocompatible Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications, Molecules, 18 (2013) 7533-7548.

DOI: 10.3390/molecules18077533

[22] A. Marinin, Synthesis and Characterization of Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Coated with Silica, Master Thesis, Stockholm, (2012).

[23] P. Abdulkin, T. Houlding, B.R. Knappett, A.B. Lukawska, V. Degirmenci, D.A. Jefferson, G. Kozlowski, E.V. Rebrov, and A.E.H. Wheatley, Synthesis and Size Control in Magnetically Active Fe and Co Nanoparticle Systems, in preparation.

DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.336.159

[24] G. Kozlowski, Z. Jagoo, A. Lukawska, A. Wheately, Z. Turgut, and H. Kosai, Ac Magnetic Heating of Superparamagnetic Fe and Co Nanoparticles, Core Scholar, Wright State University, 2012. Carbon and Oxide Based Nanostructured Materials.

DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.336.159

[25] S.P. Gubin, Magnetic Nanoparticles, WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co., (2009).

[26] Z. Jagoo, Radio Frequency Heating of Magnetic Nanoparticles, Master Thesis, Ohio Link (2012).

[27] P. MacCabee, V. Amassian, L. Eberle, and R. Cracco, Magnetic Coil Stimulation of Straight and Bent Amphibian and Mammalian Peripheral Nerve in Vitro: Locus of Excitation, The Journal of Physiology, 460 (1993) 201-219.

DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.1993.sp019467

[28] J.R. LaCourse, W.T. Miller, and M. Vogt, Effect of High Frequency-Current on Nerve and Muscle Tissue, Biomed. Eng., IEEE Transactions, 32 (1985) 82-86.

DOI: 10.1109/tbme.1985.325636

[29] J. Reilly, Peripheral Nerve Simulation by Induced Electric Currents: Exposure to Time-Varying Magnetic Fields, Medical and Biological Eng. and Computing, 27 (1989) 101-109.

DOI: 10.1007/bf02446217

[30] R. Bickford, M. Guidi, P. Fortesque, and M. Swenson, Magnetic Simulation of Human Peripheral Nerve and Brain: Response Enhancement by Combined Magnetoelectrical Technique, Neurosurgery, 20 (1987) 110-116.

DOI: 10.1097/00006123-198701000-00025

[31] http: /www. mediahex. com/Vacuum_Pump (online link vacuum pump).

[32] E. Cheraghipour, S. Javadpour, and A.R. Mehdizadeh, Citrate Capped Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Used for Hyperthermia Therapy, Biomedical Science and Engineering, 5 (2012) 715-719.

DOI: 10.4236/jbise.2012.512089

[33] J. Motoyama, T. Hakata, R. Kato, N. Yamashita, T. Morino, T. Kobayashi, and H. Honda, Size Dependent Heat Generation of Magnetic Nanoparticles under AC Magnetic Field for Cancer Therapy, BioMagnetic Research and Technology, 4 (2008) 1-9.

DOI: 10.1186/1477-044x-6-4

[34] W. Andra, C.G. d'Ambly, R. Hergt, I. Hilger, and W.A. Kaiser, Temperature Distribution as a Function of Time around a Small Spherical Heat Source of Local Magnetic Hyperthermia, Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, 194 (1999) 197-203.

DOI: 10.1016/s0304-8853(98)00552-6

[35] P. Pradhan, J. Giri, G. Samanta, H.D. Sharma, K.P. Mishra, J. Bellare, R. Banerjee, and D. Bahadur, Comparative Evaluation of Heating Ability and Biocompatibility of Different Ferrite-Based Magnetic Fluids for Hyperthermia Application, WILEY Inter Science, (www. interscience. wiley. com), (2006).

DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.30630

[36] H. Khurshid, M. Phan, P. Mukherjee, and H. Srikanth, Tuning Exchange Bias in Fe/γ- Fe2O3 Core-Shell Nanoparticles: Impacts of Interface and Surface Spins, Applied Physics Letters, 104 (2014) 072407-1-072407-5.

DOI: 10.1063/1.4865904

[37] A. F. Rodriguez, A. Kleibert, J. Bansmann, A. Voitkans, L. J. Heyderman, and F. Nolting, Size-Dependent Spin Structures in Iron Nanoparticles, Phys. Rev. Lett., 104 (2010) 127201-127204.

DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.104.127201

[38] A. Kakay and L. K. Varga, Monodomain Critical Radius for Soft-Magnetic Fine Particles, Journal of Applied Physics, 97 (2005) 083901-083904.

DOI: 10.1063/1.1844612

[39] S. Zhu, Synthesis of Size, Structure and Shape Controlled Iron Based Magnetic Nanomaterials, Master Thesis, Case Western Reserve University, (2012).

[40] http: /en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Gas_constant. http: /en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Solenoid (online link).