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This treatment yielded an average intercept grain size of 44.2 µm.
Cyclic softening of cold-worked materials occurs when the annihilation rate of the dislocations is greater than their generation rate, causing a net decrease in the dislocation density, or when a rearrangement of previously formed dislocation structure takes place with a number of cycles, resulting in an increase in the mean free path of dislocations.
However, with a number of cycles, anomalous cyclic behavior characterized by higher peak stress or retardation in the reduction of peak stress with increasing temperature was observed in the temperature range from 200 oC to 600 oC.
The positive temperature dependence of cyclic peak stresses during the initial few cycles appears to result from the effect of the initial dislocation structure formed by prior cold work, and this effect is weakened and disappears with a number of cycles due to the rearrangement of the initial dislocation structure.
LCF properties of 17% CW 316L stainless steel Peak stress ( MPa ) Temperature ( oC ) Strain rate ( s-1 ) Total strain amplitude ( % ) Plastic stain amplitude ( % ) Maximum Half-life Softening ratio 20 10-3 0.495 0.247 499 396 0.206 200 10-3 0.497 0.29 448 333 0.257 400 10-2 0.500 0.278 413 332 0.196 400 10-3 0.494 0.265 409 346 0.154 400 10-4 0.496 0.253 414 375 0.094 550 10-2 0.502 0.264 389 331 0.146 550 10-3 0.498 0.25 394 352 0.108 550 10-4 0.497 0.249 396 365 0.078 600 10-2 0.500 0.271 368 322 0.126 600 10-3 0.497 0.259 370 332 0.104 600 10-4 0.498 0.278 369 323 0.124 650 10-2 0.504 0.285 340 300 0.116 650 10-3 0.499 0.287 340 296 0.129 650 10-4 0.499 0.303 334 277 0.165 100 101 102 103 10 4 0 100 200 300 400 500 650 o C 600 o C 550o C 400 o C 200o C RT Peak stress (MPa) Number of cycles, N 17% CW 316L SS Strain amplitude = 0.5% Strain rate = 1*10 -3 /s RT 200 o C 400 o C

Although a number of Fe-rich intermetallic compounds have been identified in aluminium alloys, α-AlFeMnSi phase and β-AlFe phase are the two important intermetallics in the Al-Mg-Si-Mn alloy processed by HPDC [5].
Meanwhile, the fine intermetallics were associated with fine α-Al phase and segregated in the primary α-Al grain boundaries, which were identified by SEM/EDX quantification to be the same α-AlFeMnSi phase with the typical composition of α-Al12(Fe,Mn)3Si.
Fig. 4 The accumulation of Fe content in the recycled alloy as a function of the number of recycles.
Fig. 6 shows the mechanical properties of the recycled alloys as a function of the number of recycle.
(c) The prediction of recycle times for the recycled alloy In order to find out the maximum number of recycles for the alloy to satisfy the mechanical properties, a regression of the existing data is shown in Fig.7.

This measured value is designated as Rebound Number or Q-value.
The estimation accuracy is measured by mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) as calculated by the following equation: (1) where A is actual compressive strength, O is model output and N is the total number of data For the ANFIS model development, the training data (in excel file) are first loaded into the Matlab environment.
After loading the training dataset into the Matlab, model parameters, such as number of membership functions and membership function types for the input variables, can then be adjusted.
The proposed ANFIS model has two input variables and the researchers developed three models, ([3 3], [5 5], and [8 8]), with different number of membership functions.
R.: ANFIS:Adaptive-Network-Based Fuzzy Inference System, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics 23 (3) (1993), p. 665-685 [12] Abraham, A.: Adaptation of Fuzzy Inference System Using Neural Learning, Studies in Fuzziness and Soft Computing 181 (2005), p. 53-83 [13] Khoshnevisan, B., Rafiee, S., Omid, M., & Mousazadeh, H.: Development of an intelligent system based on ANFIS for predicting wheat grain yield on the basis of energy inputs.

Introduction Components of thermal power plants have to fulfill a number of specifications, such as a high creep strength, oxidation resistance, sufficient ductility, economical manufacturing etc. [1].
The results (radius ri and number density Nv,i) were then imported into the creep equation framework to combine the two simulations.
Fig. 1 shows the result for 650°C, depicting the volume-weighted diameter and the number densities (nucleation at mart=martensitic matrix, aust=austenitic matrix, g=grain boundaries, d=dislocations, s=subgrain boundaries, VN_m_d/VN_m_s=on-particle nucleation at VN(mart,d)/VN(mart,s)).
Simulated volume-weighted diameter (left) and number density (right) of P92 with MatCalc for 650°C ageing Table 2.

The result can be produced with expression (1): (1) In the expression, M is the number of packets successfully received by the target nodes.
We cannot add more domains in the process of improving RITS algorithm for information, such as the single node number in FTSP[5,6] time synchronization protocol, as this will not only influence the holistic performance of the whole network by increasing the information transmission burden, but may also lose the advantages of RITS algorithm, such as the effective management of power.
The length of unit time is for MOTEi node, so the time consumed on the MOTEi node is: (2) Among them, is the number of unit time for MOTEi node , the time consumed on the packets transition from the synchronizing node to the target node is (3) In the expression, N is the number of intermediate nodes.
Fine-grained network time synchronization using reference broadcasts [A].

Effluents often contain a large number of chemicals; it is obviously neither possible nor desirable to screen the concentration of all chemicals.
PEEP is calculated by using a battery of laboratory tests to assess the toxicity and it is given by the following equation: PEEP=log10[1+n1NTUaNQ] (4) Where N is the maximum number of obtainable toxic responses, 1NTUa is the total acute toxic value of the receiving water (receiving water body), being other 100/CE50 or 100/CE20 depending on the nature of the test n is the number of bioassays exhibiting toxic responses, and Q is the effluent flow (m3·yr-1) in the ambient water.
It considers both toxicity of effluents and natural eco-toxicity of local water resources instead of the assimilating capacity of receiving water only; (2) The proposed method avoids using empirical or uncertain formula and there is no need to use the local water quality standard (Cmax) for each pollutant and the natural concentration (Cnat) in the receiving water body; (3) The proposed method enable the comparison of WFG in different regions, regardless of local standards, and there is no need to detect the concentrations of a large number of organic and inorganic pollutants.
Wu, Engel, 2015.Comparison of volumetric and stress-weighted water footprint of grain products in China.

Figure .1 Geologic map of lead-zinc-iron polymetallic deposit terrain in Luziyuan, Zhenkang Town, Yunnan Province 1-The second segment of Miaopu group, Ordovician;2-The first segment of Baoshan group, Cambrian system;3-The third segment of Shahechang group, Cambrian system;4-The second layer, second segment of Shahechang group, Cambrian system;5-The first layer, second segment of Shahechang group, Cambrian system;6-Diabase dikes;7 -Observed geologic boundary;8-Measured Faults and their serial number;9-Speculate fault and their serial number;10-Lead and zinc iron polymetallic ore body and their serial Numbers.
A Mt B Gn Py Ccp C Sph+Gn Cal D Cal E Cal Gn Sph F Sph+Gn Figure.2 The typical ore textures and structures of Luziyuan Pb-Zn-Fe polimetallic Deposit A-Anhedral-subhedral granular magnetite (off-white) distributing along fissures forms stockwork construct, 200X; B- Galena (white) and chalcopyrite (yellow) filling in gangue mineral grains are formed a interstitial structure,200X;C-Galena and sphalerite filling along the fissure, form disseminated structures;D-Displacement fracture occurs in twin lamellae of calcite, orthogonal; E-Finely veined sphalerite (gray) filling in marble fissure forms vein structure, orthogonal 80; F-Galena-sphalerite close symbiosis continuous or discontinuous distribution along the bedding surface, into a ribbon Ore minerals mainly include magnetite, chalcopyrite, galena, sphalerite, pyrite, smithsonite.
In transporting process, thermal metamorphism and hydrothermal metasomatism of different degrees occurred in the early formed rocks, forming rocks dominated by the schists, marbles, diopside skarn rocks, accounting for a large number of minerals.

However it is of many advantages too, such as single-axes stress, fitting for big grain-size aggregate
Therefore the total cracks number and the width of fiber reinforced mortar decrease effectively compared to the mortar without fiber and the Cemfiber reinforced mortar has the best result.
As shown in Figs. 1 ~ 3, the Cemfiber reinforced concrete has the best performance of cracking resistance and the number and width of cracks both decrease visibly.
In other words, the effectiveness of cracking resistance of uncontinuous distributing fibers in mixture Fig.4 Results of cracks of HPC depends on the average interval of fibers and the numbers of fibers per unit volume mixture.
And when the length and diameter of fibers are similar, the more the dosage of fibers is, the more the number of fibers is.

Energy consumption in a large number of high-energy consuming industries, such as Steel industry, building materials, chemical industries, etc. in China [5], turns out to be major sources of CO2 emission in the atmosphere.
It is predicted that in 2020 the total amount of bio-energy raw materials will reach up to about 2.1 billion tons (equivalent to coal formation about 1.5 billion tons), showing a huge number of biomass energy resources in China with a broad space for development.
It is predicted that the total number of our national bio-energy raw materials in 2020 will be about 2.1 billion tons that is equivalent to about 1.5 billion tons of coal.
Now, policies of developing non-grain materials to produce ethanol are encouraged, such as the biofuel production technology of taking straw, wood, grass and other agricultural and forestry wastes as the raw materials rather than food.
What’s more, biodiesel does not contain aromatic alkanes polluting environment with lower damage to the human’s body than diesel and has high cetane number and excellent combustion properties.

Petersburg as of 1820-s represent a search for the balance between an increase in the number of facilities managed by the city and the opportunity to grow the city budget by partially delegating the state functions to the city society on taxes for accumulating the funds, needed to maintain the property.
The work was carried out by a number of commissions and committees, organized to help the Ministry for internal Affairs.
The number of tax payers increases, as the owners of summer residences and territories near the city now belong to this group.
In 1840s the following loans were available: redesign of the City Duma building, reconstruction of storage facilities (used for multiple purposes), construction of military barracks and a grain pier, works on the banks of Neva and Obvodnyi canal, layout of streets etc.
Summary The increase in the number the real estate facilities belonging to the city, works on provision of urban amenities and facility maintenance became possible, because the revenues received by the city represented on forth of all city revenues in the country.