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In recent years, extensive research has been conducted on manufacturing materials whose grain sizes are measured in nanometers (metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs)).
Reports on using nanofluids as heat transfer fluids in solar collectors are few in number up to date [17-21].
This means that the incorporation of a small amount of copper nanoparticles in alumina matrix significantly enhances the Nusselt number.
These results show that by increasing the Reynolds number the efficiency is increased.
Journal of Advanced Physics, Volume 4, Number 3, September 2015, pp. 169-173(5)

But large upfront investment, according to the estimates of the number of research institutions in the United States, under the same conditions as the scale of production, the investment of cellulose fuel ethanol more than corn fuel ethanol 7-8 times.
Since the mid-1970s oil crisis, a number of countries, mainly the United States and Brazil launched fuel ethanol development plans, but the plan large-scale rapid expansion began in 2001.
U.S.Department of Energy is expected to cellulose fuel ethanol may in around 2012, made ​​an important breakthrough, the number of research institutions in Europe around 2015-2020, in addition to a number of research institutions that the cellulosic fuel ethanol in 2025 to enter the scale of production and market application stage.
Biodiesel substantially no sulfur and aromatics, cetane number, up to 52.9, up to 98% biodegradable, the degradation rate is 2 times that of ordinary diesel, less contamination of soil and water, 90% of the air toxicity can be reduced, reduced carcinogenic rate of 94%, is very friendly to the environment.
In the"Eighth Five-Year Plan"period, China started the research and development of bio-fuel resources and conversion technology, this is limited to grain and oilseed production of alcohols and oil products, food and light industry using conventional techniques; preparation as a transportation fuel energy industry construction began in the"Ninth Five-Year Plan"period, China's energy to carry out the crops research and development projects are now achieving some success[2], According to the latest statistics, as of the end of 2010, China has a production capacity of biodiesel production enterprises more than 50 production capacity of 1.97 million t/a, especially in the "12th Five-Year Plan", circular economy and biomass energy as countries emerging industries development goals, will lead the development of bio-diesel.

In (1) fr(g, t) - DF, g is cluster's size (measured in number of particles with unit mass, m, and molar volume, l), Dg(g, t)- the non-linear diffusion functional-coefficient in {G}, functional-coefficient ),( rg   is the Gibbs free energy of cluster formation, ),),(( trgfgM  is the cluster's mass( which depends on fr(g,t) from (1)).  is friction model coefficient.
It is connected to the difference in the chemical potential of phases, and the second part, c =cg is the Gibbs energy referred to the bond strength or the elastic force of lattice reaction for blistering, the energy of boundaries interaction depends on the tensions on interfaces between different phases, which is accounted by st =bg 2/3, r considers the bubble location into the lattice, break concerns the release of part of the connections in the lattice for blisters, break = Nbbreak, where Nb is the number of broken bonds, break is the energy required for breaking a single lattice bond. ),(     aa where )(    is the chemical potential of phase the nucleuses formation minimums the chemical potential of the phase nucleating,  is form factor, atV3/2  , Vat is volume of interstitial atom, ),3/11( 3/1 0   gbb where blatV b  3/23/1 0 )36( and bl is surface tension on surface bubble- substrate lattice.
r is simulation parameter, if bubble locates on a dislocation (or on interfaces of both: grains as well solid surface), than r decreases in same times.
The helium flux is examined with following parameters: He ions energy is 10 keV, the irradiation dose - 1017 ions/cm 2, total time duration is 10-4 s, substrate material is Ni, used number of trajectories is 106.
The porosity is calculated by                        dggfg j V i t j z i gf i gVtzpor j ) 0 ( 0 3 0 /),,(3),( , where blister with number i belongs to j-layer, V is volume of all sample, Vj is volume of layer with number j, gi is size of blister at examined time moment, g0 is size of blister at initial time, f(g,z,t) is DF at examined time, f0(g0) is DF at initial time, z is distance between surface and centre mass of blister, the depth z is measured in ML (~3.5 Å), z = 0 is surface under irradiation.

Tyler[2]et al established a analysis model of soil three-dimensions grain on base of Mandelbrot model, broadening the application of fractal theory in geometrical studying; when as many scholars explored the correlation between fractal dimension and deformation characteristic and evolutionary phase of landslide, proceeding from fractal feature of different elements of landslide.
The former points i-1, i are points 2i-2, 2i, and the number of the additional points is 2i-1.
The slip mass is consist of silty clay with gravel, part of the slip mass is gravel mixed with slity clay, the grave in the upside and middle is mainly made up of aubergine mudstone and mixed with a few marlite, the underneath grave is marlite and limestone, the diameter of block is 5cm to 80cm, the content of breccia is high, large numbers of quartz sandstone solitary stones are visible in the aft part of landslide, most of the gravels is medium weathering; substance composition of the slip band is mainly of silty clay with gravels, most of them are sallow, part of them are aubergine, the thickness is 30cm to 250cm, the depth of burial is 40cm to 75cm.
Though analyzing the landslide monitoring data and scene investigation, the major influencing factors of the landslide were reservoir water and rainfall, taking the motion path curve (Fig.5, ZGI monitoring pier had destroyed because of ground cracking) of landslide in one hydrological year as the object of study and calculating the fractal dimension by using Matlab program, the calculation result could be got (Tab.1). 1.GPS monitoring pier and its number; 2.monitoring hole of landslide thrust; 3.section line and its number;4.landslide perimeter; 5~8.The second to fifth section of Triassic Badong Formation; 9.accumulation horizon of quaternary system Fig.4 The plane and monitoring distribution of the landslide Fig.5 The trajectory curves of the surface GPS monitoring points from March 2007 to November 2009 Tab.1 The fraction dimensions of each monitoring point Numbers of monitoring points　 2007 2008 2009 ZG2 1.1465 1.2370 1.1621 ZG3 1.1147 1.1219 1.0854 ZG4 1.1256 1.2158

When the content of beads is 30%, the number of gel pores with radius smaller than 1.6nm increases, and harmful pore with radius larger than 50nm reduces observably.
When beads are added into the system, because of the micro-aggregate effect of beads, the grain composition of cement paste is improved, the porosity of hardened cement is greatly reduced, and the compactness of cementitious systems is improved.
When the content of beads is 30%, the porosity of hardened cement is greatly reduced, the number of macroporous pore is significantly reduced and the size of macroporous pore is refined, the number of small pore and micropore is greatly increased.
As seen in Fig. 6 (c), when the content of beads is 30%, the amount of unhydrated beads decreases, a mass of beads particles have hydrated, which can generate large number of fibrous and reticular CSH gel.
The higher the dense packing density, the denser the pore structure of composite cementing materials. 3) The pore structure analysis shows that the micro-aggregate effect and active effect of beads can effectively fill the pores between large-size particles such as cement, reduce the macroporous number and refined the macroporous pore size, decrease the porosity and improve the pore structure of cement paste which can make the cementing material denser. 4) When the content of beads is in range of 0~40%, compared with ordinary cement paste, the 3d and 7d compressive strength of composite cement paste decrease with the increased beads contents.

Introduction Organophosphorus (OP) pesticides have been widely used for the control of insects in a wide range of fruit, vegetables, and grain all over the world.
Due to the increase of the voltage of single pulses, the energy is input to the reactor to augment and then the number of high-energy electrons and other active particles generated by discharge increased, which plays a more important role in the degradation of rogor.
It shows that the number of the active particles in the reactor nearly approach to saturation, resulting in lower utilization of active particles.
The number of rogor molecules increased along with increasing initial concentration.
Construction of the adsorption and chemical reaction model In this experiment，the reynolds number Re<100, so the adsorption and chemical reaction model of one-dimensional packed bed(fig.9) can be applied and reduced, which is as follow

The technology of obtaining such materials on the basis of disperse systems is characterized by a number of general and typical processes associated with interaction and mutual distribution of dispersion phases [3‒5].
A change in the number of stationary states with a simultaneous change in the type of stability occurs at bifurcation values of the control parameter, which correspond to kinks of the S-shaped curve of stationary states; it is the multiplicity of stationary states that determines the hysteresis effects [8].
The lower the viscosity, the greater the number of oscillations (discontinuities).
It is proposed to describe and analyze the curves of temperature deformations of dry and wet fine-grained concrete which has N-shaped kinks using a model «fold».
Along with the above, there are [16] a number of other ideas regarding water which is removed during recession, and the mechanism of its influence on the structure.

Accordance with greenhouse gas calculation in 2006 IPCC, the ecological footprint of greenhouse gas of agricultural nitrogen is calculated as follows: In the formula: EFF or efF -Ecological footprint of livestock breeding manure or ecological footprint of per capita livestock breeding manure, hm2 or hm2/person; N2Odir-N2O direct emission, t; N2Oind-N2O indirect emissions, t; GWPN2O -N2O global warming potential factor, is 298;P-Regional population; FSN-N2O emissions of inorganic nitrogen fertilizer, t; FAW-N2O emissions of organic fertilizer, t; NFERT-Amount of inorganic nitrogen fertilizer, t; FracGASF -The integrated coefficient of the N fertilizer lost to the air, the default value is 0.1; T-The types of livestock (pigs, cattle, sheep, chicken); NT-The number of livestock and poultry T, head / only (N1 is the number of pigs, N2 is the number of cattle, N3 is the number of sheep, N4 is the number of chickens); NexT -The emission factor of per head of livestock T，kg/head
Beijing suburbs grain of soil nutrients and fertilizer.

Over denotes the number of one node’s neighbors which is needed to estimates its position.
(13) where U is the node set of nodes whose positions have been estimated in this method, n is the numbers of the nodes in U, r is the sensing range.
Due to in one iteration the number of nodes whose positions are estimated by utilizing Collaborative multilateration is more than by utilizing atomic multilateration, so less iteration is required and higher accuracy is obtained.
The results of each scheme. a) Scheme 1 b) Scheme 2 c) Scheme 3 Table 1 Statistics of the simulation results The information for positioning locate mode The numbers of unresolved nodes Location error Scheme 1 ranging measurements atomic multilateration 28 0.6938 Scheme 2 Hybrid information atomic multilateration 18 0.4982 Scheme 3 Hybrid information collaborative multilateration 10 0.3684 Conclusions In this paper we have presented a new localization method for wireless sensor networks.
(In Chinese) [12] Savvides A, Han C-C, Srivastava MB: Dynamic fine-grained localization in ad-hoc networks of sensors (Proc. of the 7th Annual Int’l Conf. on Mobile Computing and Networking.

As sand gravel spaces filling to clay and powder grain, resulting in aquifer runoff not is not smooth, permeability decrease, superadd the thickness of aquifer is thin, maldistribution, The aquifer water storage space is limited, the above various factors determining storage of groundwater conditions and distribution characteristics.
On the basis of the hydrogeological model and boundary conditions, the mathematical model for groundwater resources: （7） Where: H,B-The water level of aquifer and the floor elevation(m); X,Y-Node coordinates(m); K, μ-Aquifer penetrates mysteries (m/d) and specific yield; δ(X-XW,Y-YW)-δ – function(l/m2); np-Design of mining well number; FP-Present situation of groundwater mining rate(m3/m2·d) RI-Atmospheric precipitation vertical infiltration recharge intensity(m3/m2·d); Ω-Calculation of area; T1,T2-part for calculated area a kind of boundary and two categories of boundary； H0,H1-part for initial water level and a kind of boundary water level(m)； Q-the two categories of boundary of two single wide recharge(m3/m·d)； QW-Design of single well production(m3/d) The model of the partial differential equation is nonlinear, solve very difficult, and must be linearized.
Given the initial water level and time of Δt within the volume of unit changes cases, Inverse solution of the aquifer hydrogeological parameters, but if the parameters are known number, can be used to predict the future different design exploitation schemes of groundwater dynamic.
Subdivision node number 241, in which the computing node number 216, a kind of boundary points number 25, the calculation of subdivision graph is figure 2.