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Transformation of Properties b.
To utilize harmful factors – especially environmental – to obtain a positive effect.
To replace an expensive object with a cheap one, compromising other properties (i.e., longevity).
Transformation of Properties A.
Inversion of expedient. 3.13 To divide a subsystem into two parts: “volumetric” and “non-volumetric”; to take out the first part from the boundaries limiting the volume. 3.14 To take out subsystems that can be affected by harmful factors, far from the zone of their action. 3.15 To transfer the system or its subsystems to other environment where the harmful factors are absent or at least inactive. 3.16 To withdraw from traditional spatial restriction or overall dimensions. 4.1 To transfer a process to other operation time.

The slope analysis is a mechanics process for geological body, which has property of discontinuity, including interdependent elements and easily influenced by seism.
The high arc dam system of hydraulic engineering has above complex factors of slope.
Affects for the latent sliding face in the infinitesimal body's normal average compressed stress.
Conclusion Rock mass fracture and crack and the seismic environment are unavoidable factors of high arc dam system influence the sliding safety of dam shoulder slope.
The developed model including dynamic contact element reflecting local rock crack and quasi continuous medium reflecting large deform can accurately simulate above factors.

The basic principle of SPD processing is that a very high strain is introduced into materials which achieve significant grain refinement and improve properties of materials.
UFG metals and alloys processed by SPD techniques have superior mechanical properties, such as high strength with good ductility and excellent superplasticity at lower temperature and higher strain rates [4].
It is obvious that the severe shear deformation of TiNi matrix during the ECAE process affected the microstructural revolution.
Several factors influence the DSC results in accuracy, such as sample preparation, testing condition and baseline correction, which should be carefully handled during DSC analysis.

Apart from sulphur, all other properties of diesel and gasoline were assumed to meet the European 2005 specifications.
The economic analysis addresses a number of factors which are reflected by the costs of purchase and use of the vehicle, namely: fuel costs, consumptions, engine purchase and possible engine adaptations.
Smart engines costs analysis This analysis considers the following factors: - Engines acquisition price; - Gasoline engine adaptation price for LPG, GN and ethanol; - Cost of annual usage of each fuel.
Honda and Perkins engines costs analysis This analysis considers the following factors: - Engines acquisition price; - Gasoline engine adaptation price for LPG, GN and ethanol; - Cost of annual usage of each fuel.
The high price of the Perkins affects all fuels targeted for this engine.

Introduction Helical gears are widely used as an important transmission component in most of the mechanical and automotive industry applications.
In recent years, there has been attracting more and more applications in the production of gears by the precision forming technique owing to its well-known advantages compared with conventional cutting methods,such as the excellent mechanical properties, less material wastage,good tolerance, high productivity and cost savings[1,2].
The process conditions in the FE-simulation are:(1) elastic deformation is negligible and all the dies are regarded as the rigid body and the billet is the deformed body;(2) the friction at the billet-dies interfaces was assumed to be of shear type and friction factor is assumed to be 0.12; (3) the initial tetrahedral solid elements of the forged billet are around 100000, and automatic remeshing technique was adopted during simulation as shown in Fig.1(c); (4) the mesh density around the teeth is considered higher to improve the deformation accuracy in these area; (5)the temperature of environment is the room temperature 20°C and the punch working speed is about 10mm/s; (6)the governing equations do not consider the volume force and satisfy the equilibrium equation, the geometrical equation, and the material obey the Mises yield criterion.
These indicate that the billet optimization method proposed in this study is effective and the following conclusions can be drawn:(1)The initial billet diameters of relief-hole affect the uniformity of deformation; (2)Through comparison, it can be obtained that the deformation is more uniform when billet with relief-hole is adopted. (3) The degree of uniformity of effective strain in the forging obtain arrives the optimal value when the initial billet diameter of relief-hole is equal to 12.4mm.

Study of temperature field distribution and deformation of chain link based on Pro/E Bing Ma1,Lizhen Liu1,Xuefeng Bai1,He Wang1,Liwei Yang1, Chong Wang2,Shinan Li2,Luning Yu2, Hui Chen2,a 1Shenyang Sujiatun District Occupation Education Center, Shengyang, China, 110102. 2School of Traffic and Mechanical Engineering, Shenyang Jianzhu University,Shengyang, China,110168.
Establishment of the Chain Link Model The model of the chain link with two wings is shown as Figure 1.Since it is non-standard, its dimension is shown as Table 1.In Pro/Mechanica-Thermal module, we set the material as high alloy-structural steel 1Ci18Ni9Ti , the properties of which are: density =7.85 t/m3, Poisson's ratio =0.28, elastic modulus =200Gpa, tensile strength =539MPa, yield strength =196MPa, heat capacity=450J/(kg·℃), thermal conductivity of 55 W/m·K[9-12].
（2） where q is the rate of heat flow for convection,h is the conduction factor,A is the area of convection, is the temperature of the surface, is the overall temperature.
The red areas on the edge of the ends, which indicate that there is stress concentration with the maximum of 224MPa , are because of chamfer missing of the model for simplifying purpose and do not affect the analysis.
[9] Zhang Tiejun: Mechanical Engineering Materials (Peking university press,Beijing 2010), p.138-139

Dynamics model of the drillstring in deep vertical well The drillstring vibration system is simplified to multiple-degree of freedom system using the Spring-Mass-Damping(S-M-D) method [7, 8].This model could easily consider the drilling fluid factor, wall boundary and the top-and-bottom conditions.
The hypotheses as follows are introduced according to the structure characters of the whole drillstring system: (1) the drillstring system is inhomogeneous elastic beam, and the drillstring parameters such as geometry size, material properties are constant.
The results show that the bit is approximately next to the wall in drilling, which led bit to appear in each of the four quadrants at different probabilities, thus it affects the cutting of rock and extends to impact the well path.
Nonlineaer Study on Dynamic Action of Integrated Drill String-well Rock System [J].Journal Of Mechanical Engineering, 43(5):145~149(2007,)
Journal Of Mechanical Strength, 28(3):341~345(2006)

Deposition on SS 316 at Different Gas Flow Rates using Thermal CVD Mohammad Asaduzzaman Chowdhury1,a, Dewan Muhammad Nuruzzaman2,b 1,2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology (DUET) Gazipur-1700, Bangladesh.
The deposition rate which is the prime limiting factor in a CVD process is mainly controlled by the formation of required species to be deposited and its transportation in the vapor and surface kinetics [1].
With its remarkable physical properties, thin film coatings on different substrates are expected to have many applications in industrial and engineering fields.
It is expected that the application of these results will contribute to the different concerned mechanical processes.
Conclusion Gas flow rate and gap between activation heater and substrate significantly affect the deposition rate on SS 316.

Physics and Chemistry Test on Aluminum-Based Composite Materialsas an Alternative Material for The Manufacture of Brake Drum Tjahjanti P.H1a, Nugroho W.H2b, Wahyuni H.Cc 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo (UMSIDA), Sidoarjo, Jawa timur, Indonesia 2BPPT Lab.
Cast iron, cast iron and cast steel is special have high density, thus resulting in a total weight of the vehicle to rise, and will affect the rate of the vehicle.
The results obtained are the mechanical properties showed that the addition of brake drum highest with added SiC composition (15%), causing increase resistance level wear, hardness and impact toughness in receiving shocks.
Tests carried out using machine Thermal Analyzer Dilatometric brands Harrop Model: FY 5712 -700 series with the sample length (Lo) of at least 60 mm, the correction factor / Gain (A) 5 and the temperature change DT = 25oC.

The effects of antero-posterior tibial slope developed during tibial resection in total knee arthroplasty were studied as an important factor in the knee biomechanics [14-18].
Prosthesis-knee joint with anterior-posterior slope of 0o with varus slope:a) 176o; b) 191o To achieve the 3D virtual models of joint-prosthesis assembly presenting varus slope of 191o the following approach for calculating the angle between the tibia and femur was used: the mechanical axis of the tibia is kept in the same position; the mechanical axis of the femur was inclined with 15o.
Materials properties for knee-prosthesis components [18] Component Young’s Modulus [Mpa] Poisson’s Ratio Femur 17600 0.3 Tibia 12500 0.3 Femoral component 210000 0.3 Tibial component 210000 0.475 Polyethylene component 1100 0.42 Results Using AnsysWorkbench 15.07 software [3,4,7,18], the numerical simulations and Finite Element Method analyses were processed for the eight analysed cases of knee joint-prosthesis assemblies with antero-posterior slope of 0o and 5o respectively.
Tarnita, Modeling and finite element analysis of the human knee joint affected by osteoarthritis, Key Engineering Materials, 601 (2014) 147-150