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Spray Characteristics of an Internal-mix Airblast Atomizer Cheng Tung Chong1,a*, Simone Hochgreb2,b 1 Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia. 2 Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Trumpington Street, CB2 1PZ Cambridge, UK actchong@mail.fkm.utm.my, bsimone.hochgreb@eng.cam.ac.uk Keywords: airblast, twin-fluid, atomizer, non-reacting spray, PDA Abstract.
The effect of geometry [7] and liquid properties [8-11] on the spray qualities of airblast atomizers have been studied to elucidate the primary factors involved in atomization.
Gullberg and Marklund [19] reported that fuel and geometrical properties are among the parameters that can affect spray characteristics, in a spray study using an external twin-fluid atomizer with pyrolysis oil.
Despite improved understanding of the breakup of a liquid jet by a high-speed turbulent gas jet, there is little experimental data suitable for validation regarding the spatial distribution of droplet size and velocity within the spray as a function of spray geometry and fuel properties.
The properties of the diesel fuel is reported in [1].

It relies on applying the tools of supersymmetric quantum mechanical (SUSYQM) transform, followed by coordinate transform method and includes the effects of large internal electrostatic fields characteristic of nitride heterostructures.
These fields originate from piezoelectric and spontaneous polarization and have a very significant influence on electronic and optical properties of the structure.
Clearly, both nonlinear effects exist only in asymmetric structures (where generally 012 �
 or 031 �µ ) and their intensities are proportional to factors 12 2 12 )0( 
µ=� and 312312 )2( µµµ=� .
Evidently, SUSYQM transform produces Hamiltonians with constant effective mass and variable potential, because the variation of parameter � affects only the potential while leaving the mass intact.
In III-N compounds there exists a strong internal electric field originating from piezoelectric and spontaneous polarization [13-15], which can be as large as few MV/cm and has a considerable influence on electronic and optical properties of the structure.

Aiming at the thermal safety issues between the insensitive energetic plasticizer and propellant components, NG/BTTN and insensitive energetic plasticizer BuNENA plasticized propellant was compared by DSC test and cook-off numerical simulation, with the thermal safety property evaluated.
Combined excellent energy and mechanical performance, NEPE propellant has been used widely in strategic and tactical weapons, while the using of nitrate ester plasticizers such as nitroglycerine usually cause a poor insensitive property [4].
In this paper, aiming at the safety issues of the insensitive energetic plasticizer BuNENA and the and sensitive energetic plasticizer NG/BTTN, NEPE propellant plasticized by NG/BTTN and BuNENA was compared by thermal decomposition kinetics with DSC test and cook-off numerical simulation with FLUENT, and finally the thermal safety property and influencing factors of propellants were evaluated.
The Tb of NG/BTTN propellant was slightly higher than that of BuNENA propellant, indicating that two propellants showed similar thermal safety property, due to the decomposition temperature of NG/BTTN propellant was slightly higher than that of BuNENA propellant.
Different thickness of insulator affected fast cook-off simulation response.

The size effect on the on dielectric properties and phase transition temperature is presented.
It has been shown that physical properties of ferroelectric materials in a confined media differ from properties of bulk crystals.
The pores filling factor was estimated by weighing the glass.
It has been shown that the physical properties of KAxDP – porous glasses nanocomposites are similar to the properties of the bulk KAxDP crystals.
Bogdańska, Influence of water adsorption on mechanical properties of porous glasses Optica Applicata XXX (2000) 173-176

The determined specific surface area can be used to characterize the surface properties of betulin particles.
Such a wide range of components in BOB extracts contributes to other properties such as antimicrobial [7] and antioxidant [8] activity.
The application of this method would allow to assess how various raw materials and changes in the parameters of liquid antisolvent precipitation process affect the surface properties of the obtained betulin particles.
Yli-Kauhaluoma, Pharmacological Properties of the Ubiquitous Natural Product Betulin, Eur.
Stankus, Influence of Solvents on the Antioxidant Properties of the Birch Outer Bark Extract in Cosmetic Emulsions.

OGFC mixes requires better properties, which is coarse aggregate, asphalt and aggregate gradation.
Air-void has a strong influence on mechanical properties, road performance and reducing noise.
Aggregate Gradation Air-void is key factor effecting noise reduction results and drainage.
Aggregate gradation also affects the structural forms and uniformity of voids.

It should be noted that viscosity and surface tension properties are important parameters for each printing process to control ink transfer and its spreading on the substrate. 3D printing is a fabrication technology that creates a three dimensional object from a digital model.
It is an electromagnetic device that converts digital pulses into mechanical shaft rotation.
Achieving a uniform homogeneous dispersion of TiO2 particles in ink is a key factor to protect the tendency of TiO2 to form bundles and aggregates that may cause clogging of the nozzle and flow instability during printing process.
While the rheological property of TiO2 paste-ink critically determines its ability to flow through the nozzle and thus affects the actual printability into stable 3D solid microstructure.
Printability is strictly determined by proper setting of the operating parameters such as nozzle size, nozzle speed and pressure as well as the flow property of paste-inks.

Yadav Smart Materials Research Laboratory Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee-247667, India Email: klyadav35@yahoo.com Keywords: Ceramics, nanocomposites, X-ray diffraction, dielectric properties, magnetic properties Abstract.
The physical properties of a material that are formed from two or more singlephase compounds are determined by the properties of the constituents as well as by the interaction between them.
Magnetic properties Fig. 8 shows magnetization vs. magnetic field (M-H) hysteresis loops for the composition x = 0.2 of CFBF composite annealed at different temperatures.
This indicates that coercivity not only depend on crystallite size but some other factors also affect the coercivity, otherwise coercivity would not have decreased on further increase in annealing temperature.
Magnetoelectric properties The variation of αE=dE/dH with HBias at various magnetic frequencies is shown in Fig. 15 and Fig. 16 for CFBF and NCFBF nanocomposites, respectively.

Properties of commercial cation-exchange membranes [13].
However, as the preparation conditions are expected to affect the membrane properties [53], comparing the results reported by different groups will be futile.
The obvious source of flexibility is the presence of two materials that can have quite different properties, e.g., good mechanical properties and good proton transport.
SPEEK based blends are explored to obtain good mechanical properties, high proton conductivity, and optimized membrane properties.
Acid doping of 50% by weight can be achieved without adverse effects to its mechanical properties.

In GO these oxygen functionalites greatly weaken the interactions of adjacent layers, thus permitting the facile exfoliation of GO down to mono- or few-layer graphene oxide nanosheets (GOs) by mild sonication or mechanical stirring in water, and the formation of kinetically stable colloidal suspensions.
Recent studies have shown that the chemical and physical properties of GO and its derivates facilitate their use as effective absorbents for humic acid, Cu2+, and arsenate from contaminated drinking water, suggesting enormous potential for these materials in the field of environmental remediation [8-10].
GO is a non-stoichiometric compound and shows variable structural features that directly determine its properties under different preparation conditions.
However, few investigations have described the influence of synthesis conditions on the oxidation level of GO, as well as on the dispersibility of GO in aqueous medium, which is an essential factor in the applications.
Additionally, the measurement of heights can also be affected by the presence of water layers on the sample surface [14].