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Most metal materials in engineering are polycrystalline materials important to many industries.
Several different approaches have been taken for modeling the behavior of polycrystal materials.
But it was not applied to materials that slip and twining result in plastic deformation.
The first trend is to develop new models or new systematic theory framework to describe material structure and to predict material responses for materials with deformation by slip and twining.
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Introduction Recently, great interest has been imparted on the stimuli-responsive polymeric materials, known as “intelligent” or “smart” materials, in both scientific and technological fields.
Experimental Materials.
Hu: Journal of Chemical Physics Vol. 124 (2006), p 144901-144906
Manero: Journal of Polymer Science: Part B: Polymer Physics 1991 Vol. 29 (2009), p. 639-647
Zohuriaan-Mehr et al: Journal of Applied Polymer Science Vol. 114 (2009), p. 3542-3547

LMDS accumulates metal powder materials according to two-dimensional profile information one layer off another, and finally the three-dimensional solid parts are formed in substrate, with the laser cladding method.
The metal material of both the clad and substrate are TC4 (Ti-6Al-4V).
A three dimensional model for direct laser metal powder deposition and rapid prototyping [J]Journal of materials science, 2003, 38(1): 35-49
Journal of Mechanical Engineering,2009，45(10)：241-247
[J]Rare Metal Materials and Engineering. 2004,33(12):1304-1307.

Model material is composed of the main material including Portland cement, river sand and tap water, and ancillary materials including superplasticizer, early-strength agent and waterproof agent taking account of precast methods of initial damage and test operability.
The initial damage strain threshold value of materials can be determined by the starting point of Acc.Hits curve.
Acknowledgement The authors are very thanks for sustain from Natural Science Fund of China (No. 50904039).
[3] Xianbin Yu, QiangXie and Xinyi Li: Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, Vol.26(2007), p.137-142, in Chinese
[6] Wen Wu and ChunheYang: Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, Vol.25 (2006), p.3708-3713, in Chinese.

During the past few decades, many successful research works have evidently shown remarkable capability of AE for early damage detection of composite materials.
Introduction During the past few decades, many successful research works have evidently shown remarkable capability of AE for early damage detection of composite materials [1] and it is very suitable for Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) system [2].
However, in composites, the challenge for a reliable and accurate AE results is huge due to the anisotropic behavior of the materials.
Even though the results were reasonably good, almost all works were only up to case specific but not competent enough to apply for wide range of materials such as composite materials.
[15] Marec A, Thomas J.H., Guerjouma R.E., Damage characterization of polymer-based composite materials: Multivariable analysis and wavelet transform for clustering acoustic emission data, Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing. 22 (2008) 1441 – 1464

Parameters of the materials used remain constant.
Applied Mechanics and Materials.
Applied Mechanics and Materials.
Applied Mechanics and Materials.
Journal of Applied Engineering Science, Vol. 12 (1), (2014), pp 37-44

Experimental Materials.
Martien, Cohen, et al, Emerging applications of stimuli-responsive polymer materials, J.
Nature materials. 9.2 (2010) 101-113
Francois, Polymerization of oligo (ethylene glycol)(meth) acrylates: toward new generations of smart biocompatible materials, J.
Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry. 46.11 (2008) 3459-3470

China 2Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, P.
Chemically, biodiesel is a mixture of fatty acid alkyl esters (FAMEs) which are produced from a broad range of oil materials, such as vegetable oils, animal fats and waste oil[3].
When the raw materials have a high percentage of free fatty acids or water, the alkali catalyst will react with the free fatty acids to form soaps.
In this situation, the acidic materials should be pre-treated to inhibit the saponification reaction[4].
Among the unique characteristics of ILs are negligible vapor pressure, good solubility in both organic and inorganic materials, able to form multiple phase systems due to their miscibility, and highly tunable for specific tasks[8,9].

Carbon materials, which are considered as the most promising absorbent since World War II, has been widely employed in microwave absorbing materials in reducing backscattering from objects or radar targets, EMI suppressors and paints [3, 4].
Han: Journal of Alloys and Compounds Vol. 472(2009), p.441 [3] W.
Chen: Materials and Design Vol. 30(2009), p.1201 [4] N.
Valentini: Composites Science and Technology Vol. 69(2009), p.485 [5] J.H.
Sinha: Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials Vol.271 (2004) p. 207

Materials and Methods ZnO films were deposited on plastic substrate using RF powered magnetron sputtering method.
Applied Surface Science 256 (2010) 1807-1811
Journal of optoelectronics and advanced materials.
Materials Science and Engineering B97 (2003) 68-73
Advanced Materials Letters. 2012, 3(3), 239-245