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It generally is used to describe processes and objects that occur between a fraction of a nanometer and hundreds of nanometers; in biology, this range includes a number of molecules of interest, including DNA, which has a width of approximately 2 nm in its typical "double helix" state [1].
Weihong Tan et al. [40] used aptamer-labeled magnetic nanoparticles to collect and detect small numbers of leukemia cells in whole blood and separating them from other cells in a magnetic field.
Lidke and Rieger et al. [48] derived relationships for the minimum uncertainty in an anisotropy measurement based on the number of total collected photons and used quantitative methods for the acquisition and image processing of anisotropy data that return the expected error of the anisotropy per pixel based on photon statistics.
Although an increasing number of praiseworthy efforts in applying computational methods to biomedical nanotechnology, the field is still very much in its infancy.
Klein, Computational approaches to nanobiotechnology: probing the interaction of synthetic molecules with phospholipid bilayers via a coarse grain model, Nanotechnol. 15 (2004) 1289-1295

Whereas the complexity of phenomena taking place while forming hydrogen cracks, it can be assumed that a large number of factors affect the amount of diffusible hydrogen in welded joint and some of them are unable to be controlled.
Among other factors which can change the concentration and the distribution of hydrogen in joint is the number of beads which seem to be essential [3].
Because of the number of potential input factors, it was assumed that researches are only preliminary tests.
Covered electrodes for manual metal arc welding of non-alloy and fine grain steels.

Grain coarsening is an obvious reason of increase in thermal conductivity, because it reduces the effect of phonon scattering.
Usually, one of them is characterized by less number of cations (Yb, Sc), and the second with more number of cations (Sm, Nd, Gd) [11, 12].
It can be stated that the thermal diffusivity of an inter-layer is higher than the diffusivity of the base alloy, which is an effect of the presence of a lower number of alloy components.

In order to make sure that the FEA mesh used during simulation of SWZNTs is optimal, a convergence study was carried out to determine the exact number of elements most suitable.
Based on the criteria set and result shown in Table 2, the number of divisions per element selected is 5 for optimum simulation taking in to consideration the computing capability available.
Also, comparing different structural groups indicates that increasing the number of atomic networks of structures leads to an increase in bending rigidity.
Journal of Ultrafine Grained and Nanostructured Materials, vol. 46, no. 1 (2013) 1-9

A characteristic behavior can occur with cations with coordination number higher than four, such as those generally present in the galvanic wastes.
The silica powder, given its very fine grain size, is considered harmful to human and animal health; the GW, mostly due to its chemical characteristics, has also been classified as environmentally very hazardous solid waste.
One possibility is that the metal oxides bond with two or more NBOs, i.e. the GW metal oxides promote "bridges" between NBOs, thus reducing the number of terminal points in the random glass network.
The main reason for the improved chemical resistance is probably the smaller number of terminal points.

The grain size of powder is 500~400 μm and the size of abrasive particle is 40-28 μm. [5].
The 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 BEFORE246810 number of strokes(회) burr hight(m m ) MI-4 MI-5 Fig .4 Comparison of MI-4 & MI-5 according to the number of strokes 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 50 100 150 200 feed burr hight(mm) before 2strokes 4strokes 6strokes 8strokes 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 200400600800 1000 1200 1400 RPM burr hight(mm) before MI-4 MI-5 (a) (b) Fig .5 Burr heights according to the change of (a) feed rate (m/min) and (b) RPM height of the burr on curved surface is difficult to be measured.
However when working gap is his means that the proper gap distance must be found carefully in every deburring process with different inductor and powder. 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 before 2 4 6 8 number of strokes( 회) Ra(um) coolant not used coolant used Fig .8 Variation of surface roughness according to the use of coolant (a) (b) Fig .9 The result of deburring by (a) one direction rotation (b) both direction rotation Fig.11 Deburring result and the measurement according to the operation time (6) Changes of power during deburring.

Infrared spectra of the samples were recorded on a Perkin Elmer instrument over a range of wave number 400-4000 cm-1.
In case of hydrogen bonded urethanes, -NH and C=O appears at lower wave number as compared to the bands appear without hydrogen bonding.
Conversely, for the HTPB based PU polymer, both peaks appear at higher wave number indicating complete absence of the hydrogen bonding in this polymer.
For the composite with CO based polymer, appreciable particle pull out can be observed and some of it is significant involving many grains.

Orthogonal experiment table and results Factor Evaluation index Test number A (mm) B (MPa) C (min) D (℃) Bonding strength (MPa) 1 1 0.3 5 250 7.23 2 1 0.4 7 280 7.43 3 1 0.5 9 310 7.76 4 1 0.6 11 340 8.22 5 3 0.3 7 310 8.21 6 3 0.4 5 340 7.56 7 3 0.5 11 250 8.75 8 3 0.6 9 280 8.86 9 5 0.3 9 340 8.63 10 5 0.4 11 310 9.33 11 5 0.5 5 280 8.85 12 5 0.6 7 250 8.93 13 7 0.3 11 280 8.46 14 7 0.4 9 250 8.79 15 7 0.5 7 340 8.45 16 7 0.6 5 310 8.43 The mean values of the four process parameters at different levels are depicted by a line graph, as shown in Figure 4.
As the diameter of the cast steel shot increases, the bond strength of the metal-plastic composite increases first and then becomes smaller, because when the diameter of the cast steel shot is gradually increased, the surface nanometer gradually increases, the roughness gradually increases, which result in an increase in the contact area between the metal and the plastic, then the physical bonding force between the metal and the plastic increases, but when the surface roughness exceeds a certain value, the degree of unevenness of the metal surface is strengthened, the coating adhesion is discontinuous and number of craters on the surface of the metal substrate is increased.
When the grain size is continuously refined, the number of crystal defects in the surface structure of the metal matrix and the activity of the surface atoms increases.

Numbers ST SC(gL-1) FQ(%) IC(gL-1) -1 SDS 1 90 1 0 SLES 5 93 2.5 1 TX-100 8 95 5 Table 2.
Numbers ST SC FQ IC 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 2 -1 0 0 0 3 -1 1 1 1 4 0 -1 1 1 5 0 0 0 -1 6 0 1 -1 0 7 1 -1 1 0 8 1 0 -1 1 9 1 1 0 -1 But the trend and influencing level of these factors on the behavior of foam carrying nZVI are not fully understood.
Therefore, a number of theoretical and experimental studies were done on foam-carrying characteristic.
Transport of carboxymethyl cellulose-coated zerovalent iron nanoparticles in a sand tank: Effects of sand grain size, nanoparticle concentration and injection velocity, J.

(2) In the course of the study, the influence of the number of GA, the presence and number of SP, the ratio of S / C, the size of the aggregate and the W / C in the first stage of expansion of the mixture was studied.
According to the number of joint ventures, the optimum value is 0.43% C, the modulus of aggregate size is 2.2.
Increase in the amount of gas-forming additive from 0.13 to 0.44% of the mass of C, at a dosage of the SP from 0.14 to 0.86%, depending on the aggregate size modulus in the range from 1.2 to 2.8 with the ratio S / C from 0 to 2.4, the values of W / C from 0.37 to 0.42 increase in the volume of fine-grained concrete mixture in the first stage of expansion varies from 6 to 64%.