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These microstructures receive a considerable interest, since phase amounts, lamellae colony size, lamellae fineness and γ variant distribution depend on the α → α2 + γ phase transformation conditions and strongly influence the mechanical properties.
a) γ/γγ/γγ/γγ/γ interfaces As-Cast (two grains) total number of interfaces 298 Interfaces 180o(T) 120o(OD) 60o(PT) number 161 93 44 Exper. % 54.03 31.21 14.77 Pseudo random % 27.32 36.38 36.30 κκκκ 2 factor 118 b) γ/αγ/αγ/αγ/α2222/γ/γ/γ/γ sequences As-Cast (two grains) total number of sequences 95 γ γ γ γ vs γγγγ misorientation 180 o(T) 120o(OD) 60 o(PT) 0o number 10 29 25 31 Exper. % 10.53 30.53 26.32 32.63 Pseudo random % 21.38 28.46 28.40 21.77 κκκκ 2 factor 10.67 Table 2: Data relative to the nature of γ|γ interfaces (a) and of γ|α2|γ sequences (b) in the as-cast sample 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 180° 120° 60° ZGHNC97-PST ZGHNC97-Ti46Al CHESM02 Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb coarse Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb fine Interface frequency (%) interface type random random random Figure 3 : Comparison between the γ|γ interface frequencies measured in the present study with results from previous studies and with expected frequencies in case of randomness
Although an excess of twin-boundaries is expected from the measured distribution of γ variants, the χ2-factor calculated from the experimental and pseudo-random distributions (cf.
Obviously, the fact that the internal domain boundaries were also counted in our case can 149 affect the observed percentage of 120° boundaries and, consequently, the frequencies of true- and pseudo-twins.
Although the γ|γ interface statistics are consequently poor, it seems that the measured γ/γ interface distribution tends to a more random distribution, as exemplified in Figure 3, as well as by the low and non-significant value of the χ2-factor.

This is equal to the tool life improvement by a factor of 25%.
This means that the tool life increased by a factor of 13 times.
Clarification of these factors will be discussed in the next report.
It is inferred that a reason for the slight increase in the grinding force and the wheel wear when the strong alkali ion water was used as a diluting solution is because the vitrified bond was affected by the strong alkali ion water and weakened.
References [1] Yusuke Ikedo: Next-generation working fluid "ALCOOL" to make machining efficiency and environmental improvement, Mechanical Engineering, Vol.60, No.9 (2012) 66.

After the integration of large-scale renewable energy, more uncertain factors are brought to the power system, which badly influences system’s planning and operation.
The advantages of Copula function are as follows: 1) for auto-correlation properties, Copula function is more practical because it has many types of different correlation structure functions. 2) When the correct Copula function is chosen, the correlation coefficient calculated could accurately reflects the intensity level between two variables.
Generally, the usual mechanical power model of wind farm is as following [19]
The correlation among wind power, solar power and load cannot be ignored since it affects the power system’s planning and operation.

Nitrogen, as an austenite-forming element instead of Ni, contributes to the improvement of mechanic properties by solid solution strengthening [3, 4].
Degallaix et al. [8] researched the effect of nitrogen additions on the fatigue properties of AISI 316 (0.03-0.25N) and 21Cr-4Mn-9.5Ni-(0.34-0.39N) steels.
In the whole curve, the room temperature fatigue properties of the as-forged alloy are generally higher than that of the solid solution alloy.
The distance between striations varies with the amplitude of stress intensity factor.
Vogt, Fatigue properties of high nitrogen steels.

Introduction Many attractive mechanical and electrical properties make silicon carbide (SiC) a material of interest in both electronic devices and sensors for nowadays technology.
Different polytypes have widely ranging physical properties.
We analysed the TO mode because it is not affected by doping and it gives information about the quality of the crystal lattice as well as its strain field.
The carrier concentration was calculated in function of the depth fitting the Longitudinal Optical mode (cross-section) in Raman spectra by the following function: I(ω) = S·A(ω) Im [-1/ε(ω)] (1) where S is a proportionality factor.

Some of the more recent methods and tests [29-33] were further reviewed in a study by Figuera et al. [3], in which they stated that ASR and its treatment are influenced by more factors that are still unfound in literature.
This study investigates the prevention and proliferation of ASR before and after the mortars are introduced to external trigger factors like moisture and high temperature.
Rajabipour, “The influence of alkali-silica reaction (ASR) gel composition on its hydrophilic properties and free swelling in contact with water vapor.” 
Rajabipour, “Quantifying the swelling properties of alkali-silica reaction (ASR) gels as a function of their composition.” 
Toutlemonde Macroscopic chemo-mechanical modeling of alkali-silica reaction of concrete under stresses, Constr.

The determined specific surface area can be used to characterize the surface properties of betulin particles.
Such a wide range of components in BOB extracts contributes to other properties such as antimicrobial [7] and antioxidant [8] activity.
The application of this method would allow to assess how various raw materials and changes in the parameters of liquid antisolvent precipitation process affect the surface properties of the obtained betulin particles.
Yli-Kauhaluoma, Pharmacological Properties of the Ubiquitous Natural Product Betulin, Eur.
Stankus, Influence of Solvents on the Antioxidant Properties of the Birch Outer Bark Extract in Cosmetic Emulsions.

In recent years, many surface treatment methods have been developed and applied to improve surface properties magnesium and its alloys [2].
The mechanical tests of the joint were performed on a Zwick Z100 testing machine.
Mola, The properties of Mg protected by Al- and Al/Zn-enriched layers containing intermetallic phases, J.
Hanada, Fabrication of pure Al/Mg–Li alloy clad plate and its mechanical properties, J.
Chin, Microstructure and properties of magnesium AZ31B-aluminum 7075 explosively welded composite plate, Mat.

Thus, the chatter vibrations continue to be the major limiting factor in increasing the metal removal rates of the machine tools.
Except the element-1 (silicon carbide tool), all elements have material properties of steel.
It is clearly observed from frequency responses that the natural frequencies of the spindle have been affected by the bearing contact forces.
Harmonic response of spindle bearing system Using 8-node SOLID 187 elements, the spindle shaft and tool holder as well as cutting tool are discretized with the same material properties as considered for one-dimensional model.
Su, “Finite element analysis of high-speed motorized spindle based on ANSYS, The open Mechanical Engineering Journal. 5 (2011) 1-10.

Hsu 3,b , Young-Tae Cho 4,b Kil-Sung Lee 1,b and In-Young Yang 1,c* 1 School of Mechanical Engineering, Chosun University 375 Seosuk-dong, Dong-gu, Kwangju 501-759, Korea 2 Department of Automotive Eng., Woosuk University, Chonbuk, 565-701, Korea 3 Center for Nondestructive Evaluation, Iowa State University 1910 School Road, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA 4 Dept. of Naval Architecture and Ocean Eng., Chosun University 375 Seosuk-dong, Dong-gu, Kwangju 501-759, Korea a jgsim@chosun.ac.kr, bkhim@woosuk.ac.kr, c*iyyang@chosun.ac.kr Keywords: Ultrasonic Scan, Fiber Orientation, CFRP Composite Laminates, Ply-by-Ply Vector Model, Acousto-Ultrasonics, Azimuthal Scanner Abstract.
Because the layup of composite laminates influences there properties, the strength of composites depends on layup sequence of CFRP laminates.
The first assumption used is that the interface and beam spreading losses are negligible, that is, all a signal reduction factor terms equal one.
CFRPs made from uni-directional prepreg sheets of carbon fibers(CU125NS) by Korea HANKUK Fiber Co., have the material properties.
It is thought that the fiber direction of CFRP laminates affected to acousto-ultrasonic signals.